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Introduction the challenge
Recap of requirements, simple requirements
Suggested mechanism for the atom
Net outcome
Positronium, antiprotonic hydrogen, antiprotonic helium
Macro electric fields
Nuclear fusion, the atomic elements
Quantum tunnelling, subatomic particles and potential barriers
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The remarkable thing about atoms, is that they resist being compressed, despite the electron being attracted to the atomic nucleus
The Standard model of particle physics avoids the collapse of the atom by using quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the Pauli exclusion principle
But the Simple Universe model does not contain those things
For the Simple Universe model, the challenge is to model the atom without the atom collapsing, bearing in mind that...
Electrons are attracted to the atomic nucleus, and in general, that attraction will get stronger the closer the electron gets to the nucleus
When electrons move in circles, in general, they radiate particles of light
Electrons and protons form atoms, but the electron and the positron do not form a positronium atom, why is that, what is the explanation
If there is such a particle as the 'neutral' particle, as suggested by the model, then why hasn't it been detected in experiments, re neutral particle detection
If the interaction of light with electric fields is part of the solution, as suggested by the model, then why does light in experiments, show no interaction with electric fields
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2009) of Professor Leonard Susskind's Stanford University lecture discussing the basic concepts of particle physics
Lecture on particle physics
0 minutes : introduction to particle physics
3 minutes : Lagrangian of fields
5 minutes : simple field example
10 minutes : quantum physics
23 minutes : Dirac equation
45 minutes : creation and annihilation operators
54 minutes : conservation of charge
56 minutes : Lagrangian mechanics
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The Simple Universe model has a single elementary particle, the strand shaped particle that continuously moves at a constant speed against a universal reference frame, in three dimensional space
Everything in the Simple Universe model is made from the elementary strand particle
The neutrino and particle of light are helix shaped particles
And the electron, positron and 'neutral' particle are torus shaped particles
In the model, a proton is a positron sandwiched between two of the 'neutral' particles
And a neutron is a proton with an electron embedded into the side of the proton
The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the subatomic particles - the
button steps through the particles
The
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
The Subatomic Particles
In the model, the particles of matter are torus shaped particles
And in the model, the natural state of a torus shaped particle is to be stationary with respect to the model's universal reference frame
With the strand shaped particles in a particle of matter moving at a constant speed, for a torus shaped particle of matter to move forwards
The internal strand particles of the particle of matter, have to bunch up on one side or other, distorting the particle's perfectly round torus shape
The following animation shows an electron and a proton changing shape when the particles move - the
button starts the particles moving forwards
The
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Moving The Matter Particles
However, the strand particles inside a particle of matter stick together and continuously pull a distorted particle of matter back into its perfectly round torus shape
This gives a particle of matter a persistent resistance to being moved, with respect to the model's universal reference frame
In the model, particles of matter to have persistent inertia, but not persistent momentum
For a particle of matter to gain persistent movement, a particle of matter needs to be pushed along by something that has persistent momentum, such as a particle of light
In the model, a particle of light has persistent momentum because it is a helix shaped particle
Whereas the particles of matter have persistent inertia because they are torus shaped particles
In the model, a particle of matter obtains persistent momentum when a particle of light attaches itself to the particle of matter and pushes the particle of matter along (which is why particles of matter in the model do not move faster than light)
The following animation shows particles of light in the model attaching themselves to an electron and an electron pair, and pushing the electrons along
The
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Matter And Light
In the model, momentum and inertia have different causes
In the model, particles of matter have inertia and therefore they have mass, but they do not have momentum
Whereas, light and the neutrino have momentum, but they do not have inertia, and therefore they do not have mass
In the model, electric charge is a count of the number of strand particles that are in a subatomic particle, the strand particles having either a left-handed curl, or a right-handed curl
In the model, electric field particles are created by the constant speed of the head of the elementary strand shaped particle being greater than the constant speed of its tail
This causes the strand shaped particle to continuously extend itself, with the head of the strand shaped particle eventually breaking free, leaving the strand shaped particle with a new head that repeats the process
The head part of the strand shaped particle that breaks free is the electric field particle in the model
The electric field particles are helical in shape, with either a left helicity or a right helicity, the same helicity as the subatomic particle that generates them
These escaping left or right helical shaped particles, are a particle's 'positive' electric field, or a particle's 'negative' electric field
In the model, light does not interact with the electric field particles from an electron or a positron, but light does interact with the positive and negative electric field particles from the 'neutral' particles that are in a proton
As a suggestion, the electric field particles of the 'neutral' particle are longer in length than the electric field particles of the electron and positron, and their longer length allows the 'neutral' particle electric field particles to wrap around a particle of light and stretch out one side of the light while compressing up its other side
This causes the particle of light to arc along its body, and the particle of light alters its direction
The following animation shows the model's electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light interacting with the short and long electric field particles - the 01 input box lists the interactions for direct selection
button steps through the interactions, and the
The
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Electric Fields
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In the Simple Universe model, the atom consists of a positively charged atomic nucleus surrounded by negatively charged orbiting electrons
In the Simple Universe model, an electron orbiting the nucleus of an atom, is pushed around the nucleus by a particle of light that is attached to the orbiting electron
The following animation shows particles of light in the model attaching themselves to an electron and an electron pair, and pushing the electrons along
The
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Matter And Light
The 'neutral' particles that are part of the proton in the model
Produce their positive and negative electric field particles longer in length
Than the electric field particles produced by an electron or a positron
The longer length of the 'neutral' particle electric field particles, allows them to wrap around the particle of light that is attached to an orbiting electron
And alter the direction of the particle of light that is pushing the orbiting electron along
The following animation shows the model's electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light interacting with the short and long electric field particles - the 23 input box lists the interactions for direct selection
button steps through the interactions, and the
The
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Electric Fields
Based on the actual mass difference between a positron and a proton, and the way in which a 'neutral' particle produces its electric field
The positive and negative electric field particles that come from the two 'neutral' particles that are in a proton, are in the order of 450 times more intense than the overall naked positive charge that comes from the positron in the proton
This means that within the atom, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields dominate the behaviour of the light that is attached to the orbiting electrons
However, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields do not change the direction of the attached light
When the path of the light and the electric fields are at right angles to each other
This has the following effect on the orbiting electrons
Initially at a distance, the electron's negative charge draws the electron (with its attached light) towards the overall positive charge of the nucleus
But the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields also interact with the light that is attached to the electron, with each interaction changing the current direction of the attached light to a different direction
When a positive or negative 'neutral' particle electric field particle interacts with the light that is attached to the electron, and the electron is moving towards the nucleus
Most of the direction changes to the light will be away from the nucleus, which puts the path of the light more at a tangent to the nucleus, and therefore lessens the next interaction with the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields
Whereas when the direction change to the light is more towards the nucleus, this then strengthens the next interaction with the positive and negative 'neutral particle electric fields, which are now more likely to turn the light away from the nucleus
For the case when the direction of the attached light is exactly towards the nucleus, then the next interaction with the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields
Will always turn the light away from the nucleus
Overall, when the electron is moving towards the nucleus, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields will tend to turn the electron and its attached light away from the nucleus, onto a tangential path around the nucleus
And when the electron is moving away from the nucleus, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields will tend to turn the electron and its attached light back towards the nucleus, onto a tangential path around the nucleus
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In the Simple Universe model of the atom, the positive and negative electric fields that come from the 'neutral' particles that are in the nucleus of the atom
Control the path of an orbiting electron by changing the path of the light that is attached to the orbiting electron
The net outcome is that at a distance, the orbiting electron is attracted towards the nucleus
But close to the nucleus, the orbiting electron is pushed onto a tangential path around the nucleus
The orbiting electron moves around the nucleus in a potential well that sits at a distance from the nucleus
With the potential well bounded on its inner side by a repulsive region surrounding the nucleus
As a suggestion, the orbiting electron does not radiate away its attached light
Because it is the light itself that is being directed around the nucleus
Physics might be easy to understand if we had a computer program that enabled us to watch atoms and particles interact with each other
The Standard model of particle physics is based on quantum field theory and the atom is modelled by calculating the probability of where the electron may be found when a measurement is taken to determine the electron's position, when the electron is near a proton
This appears to make any atom other than the single electron hydrogen atom
Difficult for the mathematics of quantum field theory to model
On the other hand, if the electron and proton were to be modelled as non quantum mechanical particles, then it might be possible to model any atom, no matter how complex
Here is an old video that discusses
the suggested mechanism of the atom in the model
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There is a hydrogen-like atom referred to as positronium, that consists of an electron and a positron
However, the positronium atom is not stable and the two particles change into particles of light
As a suggestion, in the Simple Universe model, the positronium atom collapses because neither the electron nor the positron, contain a 'neutral' particle
And without the presence of the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields, there is nothing to stop the negative electron and positive positron from spiralling down into each other
When the electron and positron particles collide, they may touch so as to be one on top of the other
With their horizontal (toroidal) spins moving in the same direction
As a suggestion, when the electron and positron touch with their horizontal spins moving in the same direction
This may allow their torus structures to split open and become a pair of helix structures, which in the Simple Universe model, is a particle of light
There is also another hydrogen-like atom referred to as antiprotonic hydrogen, where the orbiting negative electron in a normal hydrogen atom is replaced with an orbiting negative antiproton
The method of producing the antiprotonic hydrogen may be important, in as much as wanting to limit the proton and antiproton particles from touching each other, one on top of the other, with their horizontal spins moving in the same direction
In the Simple Universe model, colliding fast moving protons and antiprotons into each other, might not be the best method
As a suggestion, the instability of antiprotonic hydrogen may be a consequence of the proton and antiproton's heavy masses, and the mechanics of how the two particles interact with each other's positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields
There is also a helium-like atom referred to as antiprotonic helium, where one of the orbiting negative electrons in a normal helium atom is replaced with an orbiting negative antiproton
The method of producing the antiprotonic helium may also be important, again in as much as wanting to limit the proton and antiproton particles from touching each other, one on top of the other, with their horizontal spins moving in the same direction
A method that works well in the production of antiprotonic helium, is to introduce slow moving antiprotons into a low temperature helium target
Again as a suggestion, the instability of antiprotonic helium may be a consequence of the antiproton and helium nucleus's heavy masses, and the mechanics of how the antiproton and helium nucleus interact with each other's positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields
Here is an old video that discusses
an electron and positron combining into light
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At macro distances, the presence of an overall positive or an overall negative electric field, is due to the surrounding objects having a different number of electrons to protons
In the Simple Universe model, this results in the positive and negative short electric field particles emitted by the electrons and protons, not being equal in number, and a positive or a negative macro electric field is created
Also at macro distances, in the model the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields from the surface of an object have overlapping directions, and as a suggestion, cause a reduced / minimal effect on the path of light
When an electron moves through a macro electric field at a distance from an object, the short electric field particles change the direction of the electron, but do not change the direction of the attached particle of light that is pushing the electron along
As a suggestion, when the electron changes direction, but the attached particle of light does not change direction, this causes a portion of the attached particle of light to separate from the electron
As a suggestion, a magnetic field is a positive and negative electric field that is overall neutral, but from each point source of the positive and negative electric fields, the direction of the individual positive and negative field particles, are emitted at an angle to each other
And an old video that discusses
light in an electric field in the model
(ignore the naming of the 'neutral' particle
as a
'dark matter'
particle)
As a suggestion, a magnetic field is a positive and negative electric field that is overall neutral, and that from each point source of the positive and negative electric field, the direction of the individual positive and negative field particles, are at an angle to each other
Here is an old video that discusses the
electron and magnetic fields
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The atomic nuclei of the periodic table of elements are built by means of nuclear fusion that merges small atomic nuclei into larger nuclei, with the elements and their isotopes defined by the number of protons and neutrons that are in their atomic nuclei
In the Simple Universe model, the proton is a positron sandwiched between two 'neutral' particles (the 'neutral' particle is a particle that has equal amounts of positive and negative electric charge)
And the neutron is an electron embedded into the side of a proton
As a suggestion, atomic nuclei in the model are built by using the electron that is embedded in the side of the neutron, to also embed into the side of a proton, joining the proton and neutron together
As a suggestion, the adjacent 'neutral' particles in a nucleus have the same edge spin and their touching edges hold the protons and neutrons together, while the embedded electrons align the protons and neutrons together into a horizontal grid
The following animation shows protons and neutrons in the model bonding together to form the atomic nuclei of hydrogen through to carbon, with decay sequences included for the unstable isotopes
The
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Atomic Nuclei
The following is an interactive animation that lets you build the atomic nuclei from hydrogen through to iron in the model
The Filter input box lists the prepared atomic nuclei configurations for direct selection
button steps through prepared atomic nuclei configurations - the
The
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Atomic Nuclei Builder
Each larger nucleus has more internal touching surfaces within its nucleus, than that of the individual protons and neutrons that make up its nucleus
As a suggestion, when the internal touching surfaces within a nucleus increases, the electric field particles that are escaping from the 'neutral' particles that are in the protons and neutrons of the nucleus, have difficulty in escaping
And they build up to a greater density than before, with the now denser escaping electric field dragging some of the strand particles away from the 'neutral' particles as particles of light and neutrinos
As a suggestion, the conversion of this mass into particles of light, continues until the previous stable, lesser density of the escaping electric field particles, is reached once more, and strand particles are not further removed from the 'neutral' particles by the escaping electric field particles
This leaves the newly formed nucleus with less mass than the mass of the components when they were separate
As a suggestion, the 'neutral' particles in the inner parts of the nucleus, experience this loss in mass, more than the 'neutral' particles on the outer parts of the nucleus
As a suggestion, the side electrons and the internal positrons that are in the nucleus, are not affected by the process of mass reduction that the 'neutral' particles incur during nuclear fusion
As a suggestion, the contact of the nuclear electrons and positrons with the 'neutral' particles, forces the release of their electric field particles to be at a faster rate than their normal frequency, keeping the density of their escaping electric field particles at a lower than normal density
When mass is lost from a 'neutral' particle, the strand particles that are dragged from the 'neutral' particle, can escape in the form of a neutrino or a particle of light
As a suggestion, when the loss in mass is great enough, the escaping strand particles are able to form a gamma ray particle of light, which as a suggestion, on collision with another nucleus, are able to change into an electron-positron pair
As a suggestion, if a positron, by what ever means, becomes embedded into the side of a proton or neutron in a nucleus, then over time the nucleus is able to eject the side embedded positron as radioactive decay
And a similar suggestion, a nucleus that is neutron rich, is able to eject an electron that is embedded in the side of one of its neutrons, as radioactive decay
With large nuclei, as a suggestion, the increased overall positive charge of the nucleus and the increased electric field particles escaping from the interior of the nucleus, becomes a limiting factor in the stability of the nucleus, leading to some of the large nuclei being unstable and splitting apart as fission
Freely moving, slow thermal neutrons have a smaller particle of light pushing them along than fast moving neutrons, and as a suggestion, this might make them less likely to be deflected by the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields of a nucleus
Perhaps this is why slow moving thermal neutrons in a nuclear chain reaction, are better at propagating the nuclear chain reaction than fast moving neutrons (slow moving with respect to the model's universal reference frame)
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2014) of Dr Bob Eagle discussing nuclear fusion in stars (from the YouTube channel DrPhysicsA)
Discussion on nuclear fusion in stars
0 minutes : introduction to nuclear fusion
2 minutes : creation of hydrogen and helium at the big bang
4 minutes : formation of the first stars
6 minutes : the hydrogen to helium fusion process
11 minutes : the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen cycle
16 minutes : the proportion of elements produced by stars
19 minutes : the fusion of helium into heavier elements process
41 minutes : supernova explosion of a star
42 minutes : neutron star
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Quantum tunnelling is where a charged subatomic particle progresses further than expected into a repulsive electric field
The Standard model of particle physics models the subatomic particles as quantum waves that have a wave-particle duality that explore all possible paths, with the probablistic nature of the quantum wave allowing quantum tunnelling to occur
Whereas in the Simple Universe model, the subatomic particles are modelled as ordinary particles that move in three dimensional space in an ordinary, non quantum mechanical manner
In the Simple Universe model, electric fields are constructed using electric field particles, and being made of particles, an electric field in the model is not continuous, there are gaps inbetween the electric field particles
Because there are gaps inbetween the electric field particles, there is a probability of a charged particle progressing further than expected through a repulsive electric field
In the Simple Universe model, quantum tunnelling is a non quantum mechanical process
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) of the Physics Explained channel discussing quantum tunnelling, using the example of the emission of alpha particles from an atomic nucleus
Discussion on the alpha particle paradox
0 minutes : introduction to the alpha particle paradox
3 minutes : types of radioactive decay
6 minutes : alpha particle decay is an example of quantum tunnelling
7 minutes : setting the scene
13 minutes : quantum tunnelling calculation
28 minutes : using quantum tunnelling to explain alpha particle emission
34 minutes : calculating the half-life of alpha particle decay
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