The  Simple  Universe

Simple concepts

The approach is to start from scratch, to use simple concepts

For example, a simple universe might be one where space is three dimensional with absolute values for position, direction and distance, and where distance is marked out by particles that move at a continuous constant speed against a static universal reference frame

Perhaps, there are no other particles in this simple universe, just the particles that move at a continuous constant speed

And if those particles were all to be the same as each other in shape, size, motion and behaviour, then they would be universal markers

The particles in this example of a simple universe might have only one interaction

When they touch, they might tend to stick to each other, and while in contact, they might influence each other's direction of travel

Our universe

At first, the above example of a simple universe appears to be nothing like our universe, for our universe has many types of particles, and those particles have many types of interactions

And of course, in our universe, particles move at all sorts of speeds, including not moving at all

However, perhaps there are some similarities, for light in our universe moves at a constant speed, and a gamma ray of light can change into an electron and a positron

So in our universe, a gamma ray of light that moves at a constant speed, can change into something that can move at all sorts of speeds, including not moving at all

So maybe the constant speed particles in this example of a simple universe are able to do the same

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The shape of a particle

A simple shape for the constant speed particle in this example of a simple universe might be a spherical shape

But perhaps the spherical shape is a bit too simple, for when spherical particles interact and stick together, they might simply form a larger spherical version of themselves

To avoid this, perhaps the constant speed particle has an elongated shape, like a line, like a strand shaped particle

If you want to keep to the idea of spherical particles, then perhaps a spherical constant speed particle is able to drag space behind itself and so in that way have an elongated shape

It is true that when the strand shaped particles interact and stick together, they might still form a larger strand shaped mass, but now they are able to do something else as well

For a strand shaped particle is able to twist around itself and form a coil shaped particle

The coiled strand particles now have something that the linear strand particles do not have, the coiled strand particles have two forms, a left-handed form and a right-handed form

And also, the coiled strand particles move forwards at a slower constant speed than the straight line constant speed of the linear strand particles themselves

There is also something else, the coiled strand particles can stick to each other head to tail, they can form a longer particle, a helix shaped particle consisting of either, all left-handed coiled strand particles, or all right-handed coiled strand particles

And now there is something that the helix shaped particles can do, they can bend around and join their heads to their tails and form torus shaped particles

There is also the possibility of double torus shaped particles, where a left-handed helix shaped particle passes head-on through a right-handed helix shaped particle (or vice versa) while forming a torus shaped particle, making a torus shaped particle that has one torus inside the other

Amazingly, these torus shaped particles now have freedom of movement, for they can stand still, and by distorting their round shape, they can move forwards at all sorts of speeds

The following animation shows a simple sequence of the elementary strand particle, tagged one behind the other, building the simple equivalents of the neutrino, positron, electron and 'neutral' particle - the  Particles  button steps through the process

Building the base particles
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Simple equivalents

This example of a simple universe now has

linear strand particles

left-handed coiled strand particles

right-handed coiled strand particles

left-handed helix shaped particles

right-handed helix shaped particles

left-handed torus shaped particles

right-handed torus shaped particles

left-handed double torus shaped particles (a left-handed torus shaped particle inside a right-handed torus shaped particle)

right-handed double torus shaped particles (a right-handed torus shaped particle inside a left-handed torus shaped particle)

The left-handed and right-handed helix shaped particles are perhaps simple equivalents of the neutrino particle

And pairs of the left-handed and right-handed helix shaped particles joined side-by-side are perhaps simple equivalents of the photon particle

And the left-handed torus shaped particle is perhaps a simple equivalent of the positron particle

And the right-handed torus shaped particle is perhaps a simple equivalent of the electron particle

And perhaps, the left-handed and right-handed double torus shaped particles are simple equivalents of a 'neutral' particle, a particle that is not in the Standard model of particle physics

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Quark particles

In the Standard model of particle physics, the proton is two up quarks and one down quark, and the neutron is one up quark and two down quarks

Quark particles have colour charge as well as electric charge, and the characteristics of colour charge confinement prevents a single quark particle from being on its own

In this example of a simple universe, there are no particles that are simple equivalents of the quark particles

Instead of quark particles, perhaps a simple equivalent of the proton particle might be a positron particle sandwiched between two of the 'neutral' particles

And perhaps a simple equivalent of the neutron particle might be an electron particle embedded into the side of the proton particle

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the simple equivalent particles of the subatomic particles - the  Particles  button steps through the particles

The subatomic particles in this example of a simple universe
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

Atomic nuclei

Perhaps, simple equivalents of the atomic nuclei might be built by using the electron that is embedded in the side of the neutron, to also embed into the side of a proton, joining the proton and neutron together

Perhaps, in these simple equivalents of atomic nuclei, the adjacent 'neutral' particles might have the same edge spin, in which case, their touching edges might hold the protons and neutrons together

While the electrons embedded in the sides of the protons and neutrons might align the protons and neutrons together into a horizontal grid

The following animation shows protons and neutrons bonding together to form the simple equivalents of hydrogen through to carbon atomic nuclei

Included are possible decay sequences for the atomic nuclei isotopes, that perhaps are unstable

The atomic nuclei in this example of a simple universe
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

Interactive animation

The following animation is interactive and allows the simple equivalents of hydrogen through to iron atomic nuclei to be built - the  Next  button steps through prepared atomic nuclei configurations, and the  Filter  input box lists the prepared atomic nuclei configurations for direct selection

An interactive builder for the atomic nuclei
in this example of a simple universe
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Virtual particles

In the Standard model of particle physics, virtual photons are constantly created and destroyed by electrically charged particles

The Standard model of particle physics uses the concept of virtual photons being exchanged between electrically charged particles, to calculate the electro-magnetic force

In this example of a simple universe, there are no particles that disappear once they have been created

Electric fields

Instead of virtual particles that come and go, in this example of a simple universe, perhaps the constant speed of the head of each strand particle might be greater than the constant speed of its tail

This would cause the strand particle to stretch, with the head of the strand particle eventually breaking free, perhaps leaving the strand particle with a new head that repeats the process

These continuously created particles, which in this example of a simple universe are permanent particles, are perhaps simple equivalents of electric field particles

Electric charge

All the subatomic particles in this example of a simple universe have a helical nature to their structure

And their electric field particles would be emitted with the same left-handed or right-handed helicity as that of the subatomic particles themselves

For convenience, the left-handed subatomic particles could be referred to as the particles that have 'positive' electric charge, and produce 'positive' electric field particles

And the right-handed subatomic particles could be referred to as the particles that have 'negative' electric charge, and produce 'negative' electric field particles

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Moving a torus shaped particle

In this example of a simple universe, the simple equivalents of matter particles have a torus shape

With the strand particles in a torus shaped particle moving at a constant speed

For a torus shaped particle to move forwards in this example of a simple universe, the particle's perfectly round torus shape has to distort

When a helix shaped electric field particle touches the surface of a torus shaped particle

The two touching surfaces will either in some way be moving in the same direction, or in some way will be moving in opposite directions

This would cause the strand particles that are touched by the electric field particle, to either stretch out, or to compress up

Causing an imbalance in the circular movement of the strand particles in the torus shaped particle

And the distorted torus shaped particle would then move

The direction in which the particle of matter moves

Depends on whether the particle of matter has the same or opposite handiness to the handiness of the electric field particle

Attraction and repulsion

A negative / negative interaction, or a positive / positive interaction, would cause the internal movement of the torus shaped particle, to bunch up on the side that is moving away from the source of the electric field particles

And the torus shaped particle as a whole would then move away from the source of the electric field particles

Whereas a negative / positive interaction, would cause the internal movement of the torus shaped particle, to bunch up on the side that is moving towards the source of the electric field particles

And the torus shaped particle as a whole would then move towards the source of the electric field particles

'Neutral' particle electric field particles are long

As a footnote, the following animation shows the electric field particles as being of two lengths

In this example of a simple universe, perhaps the electric field particles emitted by the 'neutral' particle, are longer in length than the electric field particles emitted by the electron or the positron particles

The following animation shows the simple equivalents of the electron, positron, neutrino, photon and 'neutral' particles, interacting with the short and long electric field particles - the  Interaction  button steps through the interactions, and the   01   input box lists the interactions for direct selection

The electric field particles in this example of a simple universe
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Higgs mechanism

In the Standard model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism gives the particles of matter a resistance to having their movement changed, the Higgs mechanism gives mass to the electron and the quark particles

In this example of a simple universe, there is no mechanism that is a simple equivalent to the Higgs mechanism

Instead of the Higgs mechanism...

Inertia

In this example of a simple universe, with the strand particles in a torus shaped particle moving at a constant speed, for a torus shaped particle to move forwards

The internal strand particles of the torus shaped particle, have to bunch up on one side or other, distorting the particle's perfectly round torus shape

The following animation shows the simple equivalent of an electron particle and a proton particle changing shape when the particles move - the  Move Forwards  button starts the particles moving forwards

Moving the matter particles
in this example of a simple universe
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

In this example of a simple universe, the strand particles stick to each other and this continuously pulls a distorted torus shaped particle back into its perfectly round shape

As a consequence, the torus shaped particles have a continuous resistance to being moved, with respect to this simple universe's static universal reference frame

Momentum

The torus shaped particles in this example of a simple universe have continuous inertia, they have a mass-like property built in, but this mechanism does not give the torus shaped particles momentum

However, perhaps a torus shaped particle in this example of a simple universe, might gain momentum by a pair of the helix shaped particles attaching themselves to the torus shaped particle

The continuous momentum of the helix shaped particles, would then push the torus shaped particle along, giving the torus shaped particle momentum

The following animation shows the simple equivalents of a photon particle attaching itself to an electron, and another photon attaching itself to a pair of electrons, the two photons pushing the electrons along

Photon particles pushing along electron particles
in this example of a simple universe
The  Run  button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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A physics engine

To calculate an interaction between three or more bodies requires step by step calculations

To model what happens in this example of a simple universe, each low level strand particle would be required to be modelled by a physics engine on a step by step basis

Attempting to model the high level subatomic particles that come out of the model, with stand alone equations might be difficult

It would be nice to have a 3D physics engine for this simple universe model

If you have programming skills in 3D mathematics and would like to help develop such a physics engine, please get in touch

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) uploaded by Eliza Diggins of the University of Utah, that discusses chaos and the three body problem

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