Notes - simple concepts

Simple concepts

Our universe

The approach is to start from scratch, to use simple concepts

For example, a simple physics model might be one where space is three dimensional, with absolute values for position, direction and distance

And where distance is marked out by particles that move continuously at a single constant speed, against a static universal reference frame

Perhaps, there are no other particles in this simple physics model, just the particles that move continuously at a single constant speed

And if those particles were to be all the same as each other in shape, size, motion and behaviour

Then they would be universal markers

The particles in this example of a simple physics model could perhaps have only one interaction

When they touch, they might tend to stick to each other

And while in contact, they might influence each other's direction of travel

As a note, the particles in this example of a simple physics model - if you so wish, might not necessarily need to be solid, perhaps they could pass through one another

If so, then when they come into contact with one another and change each other's direction of travel

That change in direction of travel, might perhaps make the particles look as if they were solid

The above example of a simple physics model is not like our universe

Our universe contains many things, and there are many types of interactions

And things can move at all sorts of speeds, including not moving at all

However, perhaps there are some similarities, for light in our universe does not move at all sorts of speeds, light moves at a single constant speed, and a gamma ray of light can change into an electron and a positron

So in our universe, a gamma ray of light that moves at a constant speed

Can change into something that can move at many speeds, including not moving at all

So maybe

The constant speed particles in this example of a simple physics model

Could do the same

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The shape of a particle

Freedom of movement

A simple shape for the constant speed particle in this example of a simple physics model, could perhaps be a spherical shape

But a spherical shape might be a bit too simple

For when spherical particles interact and stick together, they might simply form a large spherical mass

To avoid this, the constant speed particle

Could perhaps have an elongated shape, like a line

Like a strand shaped particle

If you want to keep to the idea of spherical particles

Then a spherical constant speed particle could perhaps drag space behind itself

And so in that way have an elongated shape

It is true that when the strand shaped particles interact and stick together, they might still form a large strand shaped mass, but now they can do something else as well

For a strand shaped particle can twist around itself

And form a coil shaped particle

The coiled strand shaped particles have something that the linear strand shaped particles do not have

The coiled strand shaped particles have two forms

A left-handed form and a right-handed form

In addition, the coiled strand shaped particles

Move forwards at a slower constant speed

Than the straight line constant speed of the linear strand shaped particles themselves

There is also something else, the coiled strand shaped particles can stick to each other head to tail

And form a longer particle, a helix shaped particle

Consisting of either, all left-handed coiled strand shaped particles

Or all right-handed coiled strand shaped particles

And there is something that the helix shaped particles can do

They can bend around and join their heads to their tails

And form torus shaped particles

There is also the possibility of double torus shaped particles

Where a left-handed helix shaped particle passes head-on through a right-handed helix shaped particle (or vice versa) while forming a torus shaped particle

Making a torus shaped particle that has one torus inside the other

The following animation shows a simple sequence of the elementary strand shaped particle, tagged one behind the other, building a simple neutrino, electron, positron, 'neutral' particle; the  Particles  button steps through the process, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

The torus shaped particles in this simple physics model, have freedom of movement

The torus shaped particles can stand still

Or by distorting their round shape, they can move forwards at all sorts of speeds

The following animation shows a simple electron particle and a simple proton particle changing shape when the particles move, the  Move Forwards  button starts the particles moving forwards, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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The lowest level particles

Simple neutrino, electron, positron, 'neutral' particle

Using the base particles to create a simple photon

At the lowest level, this example of a simple physics model has these particles

Linear strand shaped particles

Left-handed and right-handed coiled strand shaped particles

Which can be used to make these particles

Left-handed and right-handed helix shaped particles

Left-handed and right-handed torus shaped particles

Left-handed double torus shaped particles (a left-handed torus shaped particle inside a right-handed torus shaped particle)

Right-handed double torus shaped particles (a right-handed torus shaped particle inside a left-handed torus shaped particle)

Perhaps those simple particles could be named as follows

The left-handed and right-handed helix shaped particles could be a simple neutrino particle

The left-handed torus shaped particle could be a simple positron particle

The right-handed torus shaped particle could be a simple electron particle

The left-handed and right-handed double torus shaped particles could be a simple 'neutral' particle - a particle that is not in the Standard model of particle physics

The following animation shows a simple sequence of the elementary strand shaped particle, tagged one behind the other, building the simple neutrino, electron, positron, 'neutral' particle; the  Particles  button steps through the process, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

An example of how the base particles could be used to construct a compound particle

A left-handed helix shaped base particle and a right-handed helix shaped base particle joined side-by-side

Could be a simple photon particle

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Quark particles

A simple proton and neutron

Simple atomic nuclei

In the Standard model of particle physics

The proton is two up quarks and one down quark

And the neutron is one up quark and two down quarks

Quark particles have colour charge as well as electric charge

The characteristics of colour charge confinement

Prevents a single quark particle from being on its own

In this example of a simple physics model

There is no characteristic that could produce colour charge confinement

There are no particles that could be a quark particle

Perhaps a simple proton particle

Could be a positron particle

Sandwiched between a pair of the left and right 'neutral' particles

And a simple neutron particle

Could be an electron particle

Embedded into the side of the simple proton particle

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of this simple physics model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

Perhaps simple atomic nuclei

Could be built by using the electron that is embedded in the side of the neutron

To also embed into the side of a proton, joining the proton and neutron together

In these simple atomic nuclei, the adjacent 'neutral' particles might have the same edge spin, in which case

Their touching edges would hold the protons and neutrons together

While the electrons embedded in the sides of the protons and neutrons would align the protons and neutrons together into a flat grid

The following animation shows protons and neutrons bonding together to form the simple atomic nuclei of hydrogen through to carbon, included are possible decay sequences for the atomic nuclei isotopes, that perhaps are unstable, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

The following animation is interactive and allows the simple atomic nuclei of hydrogen through to iron to be built, the  Next  button steps through prepared atomic nuclei configurations, the  Element Filter  input box lists the prepared atomic nuclei configurations for direct selection, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Virtual photons

Simple electric fields

Simple electric charge

In the Standard model of particle physics, virtual photons are constantly created and destroyed by electrically charged particles

The Standard Model of particle physics uses the concept of virtual photons being exchanged between electrically charged particles

To create the electromagnetic force

In this example of a simple physics model

There are no particles

That disappear once they have been created

Instead of virtual photons that come and go, in this example of a simple physics model

The constant speed of the head of each strand shaped particle

Could perhaps be greater than the constant speed of its tail

This would cause the strand shaped particle to stretch

With the head of the strand shaped particle eventually breaking free

Perhaps leaving the strand shaped particle with a new head that repeats the process

These continuously created particles

Which in this example of a simple physics model are permanent particles

Could perhaps be simple electric field particles

All the subatomic particles in this example of a simple physics model

Have a helix nature to their structure

And their electric field particles would be emitted with the same left-handed or right-handed helicity as that of the subatomic particles themselves

For convenience, the left-handed subatomic particles

Could be referred to as the particles that have positive electric charge

And produce positive electric field particles

And the right-handed subatomic particles

Could be referred to as the particles that have negative electric charge

And produce negative electric field particles

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The escaping electric field particles

The electron and positron's size

The 'neutral' particle's size

All the subatomic particles in this example of a simple physics model

Continuously create electric field particles

Including the 'neutral' particle, as it consists of both positive and negative electric charge

The particles of matter in this example of a simple physics model, have a closed torus structure (unlike the open-ended helix of the neutrino and particle of light)

As a suggestion, the internally generated electric field particles might escape from a torus shaped particle of matter

By forcing open a gap on the surface of the torus

As a suggestion, the torus shaped particles of matter might initially be formed from long helixes, and when the electric field particles escape from the torus

The escaping electric field particles, as a suggestion

Might drag some of the strand shaped particles from the torus

As the diameter of the torus gets smaller

The outer surface of the torus naturally starts to have gaps

Making it easier for a lesser density of the electric field particles to force open a gap and escape

This might continue until the torus reaches a minimum number of strand shaped particles - with a surface that is now prone to gaps

Where the now lesser density of the electric field particles, as a suggestion

Might no longer be able to drag further strand shaped particles from the torus

If so, then when this point is reached

The electric field particles would escape from the torus shaped particle of matter in repeating pulses

But without further reducing the number of the strand shaped particles in the torus

In this example of a simple physics model, the escaping electric field particles

Could cause the electron and positron torus shaped particles to form to a set number of strand shaped particles

To a set mass and to a set amount of electric charge

In the case of the 'neutral' particle, as a suggestion, the overlapping pair of toruses

Might cause the set size of the 'neutral' particle

To be greater than the set size of the electron and the positron

If so, this would give the 'neutral' particle

A greater mass than that of the electron and the positron

And a greater amount of internal positive and negative electric charge than that of the electron and the positron

When a double torus 'neutral' particle of matter is formed from helixes of different lengths, then as a suggestion

The longer helix, once it is bent around into the closed torus shape, might be stripped of its strand shaped particles first

Until its length matches the shorter helix, at which point, the strand shaped particles might then be stripped equally from both helixes, with both helixes now being in the closed torus shape

As a suggestion, the final size of a 'neutral' particle

Might have a slightly larger outer torus than inner torus

Causing a 'neutral' particle to not quite have balanced amounts of positive and negative electric charge

In this example of a simple physics model

A proton consists of a positron sandwiched between a pair of left and right 'neutral' particles

So the overall positive naked electric charge of a proton, would still remain as that of its internal positron

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of this simple physics model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Moving a torus shaped particle

Simple attraction and repulsion

'Neutral' particle electric field particles are long

In this example of a simple physics model

The simple matter particles

Have a torus shape

With the strand shaped particles in a torus shaped particle, moving continuously at a single constant speed

For a torus shaped particle to move forwards in this example of a simple physics model

The particle's perfectly round torus shape has to distort

When a helix shaped electric field particle touches the surface of a torus shaped particle

The two touching surfaces will either, in some way, be moving in the same direction

Or in some way, will be moving in opposite directions

This could perhaps cause the strand shaped particles that are touched by the electric field particle, to either stretch out, or to compress up

Causing an imbalance in the circular movement of the strand shaped particles in the torus shaped particle

And the distorted torus shaped particle would then move

The direction in which the torus shaped particle of matter moves

Would depend on whether the particle of matter

Has the same, or opposite, handiness to the handiness of the electric field particle

A negative electric field particle interacting with a negative torus particle, or a positive electric field particle interacting with a positive torus particle

Would cause the internal movement of the torus shaped particle, to bunch up on the side that is moving away from the source of the electric field particles

And the torus shaped particle as a whole would then move away from the source of the electric field particles

A positive electric field particle interacting with a negative torus particle, or a negative electric field particle interacting with a positive torus particle

Would cause the internal movement of the torus shaped particle, to bunch up on the side that is moving towards the source of the electric field particles

And the torus shaped particle as a whole would then move towards the source of the electric field particles

In this example of a simple physics model

The electric field particles emitted by the 'neutral' particle

Could perhaps be long in length

The electric field particles

Emitted by the electron and the positron particles

Could perhaps be short in length

The following animation shows the simple electron, positron, neutrino, photon and 'neutral' particle, interacting with the short and long electric field particles, the  Interaction  button steps through the interactions, the   01   input box lists the interactions for direct selection, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Higgs mechanism

Simple inertia

Simple momentum

In the Standard model of particle physics

The Higgs mechanism is used with the Higgs field, to give the particles of matter, a resistance to having their movement changed

The Higgs mechanism gives mass to the electron and the quark particles

In this example of a simple physics model

There is nothing that could be the Higgs field

There is nothing that could be the Higgs mechanism

Instead of the Higgs mechanism, in this example of a simple physics model, with the strand shaped particles in a torus shaped particle of matter, moving continuously at a single constant speed

For the torus shaped particle to move forwards

The internal strand shaped particles of the torus shaped particle, have to bunch up on one side or other

Distorting the particle's perfectly round torus shape

The following animation shows the simple electron particle and proton particle changing shape when the particles move, the  Move Forwards  button starts the particles moving forwards, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

In this example of a simple physics model

The strand shaped particles stick to each other

And this continuously pulls a distorted torus shaped particle back into its perfectly round shape

The torus shaped particles have a continuous resistance to being moved, with respect to this simple physics model's static universal reference frame

The torus shaped particles in this example of a simple physics model

Have continuous inertia, they have a mass-like property built in

But this mechanism does not give the torus shaped particles momentum

However, a torus shaped particle in this example of a simple physics model

Could perhaps gain momentum

By a pair of the helix shaped particles attaching themselves to the torus shaped particle

The continuous momentum of the helix shaped particles

Would then push the torus shaped particle along

Giving the torus shaped particle momentum

The following animation shows a simple photon particle attaching itself to an electron, and another photon attaching itself to a pair of electrons, the two photons pushing the electrons along, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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A physics engine

To calculate an interaction

Between three or more bodies

Requires step by step calculations

To model what happens in this example of a simple physics model

Each low level strand shaped particle is required to be modelled

By a physics engine on a step by step basis

To model the high level subatomic particles

Using stand alone equations

Might not be the most useful way to model the subatomic particles in this simple physics model

It would be nice to have a 3D physics engine for this simple physics model

If you have programming skills in 3D mathematics and would like to help develop such a physics engine, please get in touch

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) uploaded by Eliza Diggins of the University of Utah, that discusses chaos and the three body problem

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