Notes Simple concepts

Simple concepts

Our universe

The approach is to start from scratch, to use simple concepts

For example, a simple universe might be one where space is three dimensional, with absolute values for position, direction and distance, and where distance is marked out by particles that move continuously at a single constant speed, against a static universal reference frame

Perhaps, there are no other particles in this simple universe, just the particles that move continuously at a single constant speed

And if those particles were all to be the same as each other in shape, size, motion and behaviour, then they would be universal markers

The particles in this example of a simple universe could perhaps have only one interaction

When they touch, they might tend to stick to each other, and while in contact, they might influence each other's direction of travel

At first, the above example of a simple universe appears to be nothing like our universe, for our universe has many types of particles, and those particles have many types of interactions

And of course, in our universe, particles move at all sorts of speeds, including not moving at all

However, perhaps there are some similarities, for light in our universe moves at a constant speed, and a gamma ray of light can change into an electron and a positron

So in our universe, a gamma ray of light that moves at a constant speed, can change into something that can move at all sorts of speeds, including not moving at all

So maybe the constant speed particles in this example of a simple universe, could do the same

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The shape of a particle

Freedom of movement

A simple shape for the constant speed particle in this example of a simple universe could perhaps be a spherical shape

But a spherical shape might be a bit too simple, for when spherical particles interact and stick together, they might simply form a larger spherical version of themselves

To avoid this, the constant speed particle could perhaps have an elongated shape, like a line, like a strand shaped particle

If you want to keep to the idea of spherical particles, then a spherical constant speed particle could perhaps drag space behind itself and so in that way have an elongated shape

It is true that when the strand shaped particles interact and stick together, they might still form a larger strand shaped mass, but now they can do something else as well

For a strand shaped particle can twist around itself and form a coil shaped particle

The coiled strand particles have something that the linear strand particles do not have, the coiled strand particles have two forms, a left-handed form and a right-handed form

And also, the coiled strand particles move forwards at a slower constant speed than the straight line constant speed of the linear strand particles themselves

There is also something else, the coiled strand particles can stick to each other head to tail, and form a longer particle, a helix shaped particle consisting of either, all left-handed coiled strand particles, or all right-handed coiled strand particles

And there is something that the helix shaped particles can do, they can bend around and join their heads to their tails and form torus shaped particles

There is also the possibility of double torus shaped particles, where a left-handed helix shaped particle passes head-on through a right-handed helix shaped particle (or vice versa) while forming a torus shaped particle, making a torus shaped particle that has one torus inside the other

The following animation shows a simple sequence of the elementary strand shaped particle, tagged one behind the other, building a simple neutrino, positron, electron and 'neutral' particle; the  Particles  button steps through the process, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

Amazingly, the torus shaped particles in this simple universe, have freedom of movement, for the torus shaped particles can stand still, or by distorting their round shape, they can move forwards at all sorts of speeds

The following animation shows a simple electron particle and a simple proton particle changing shape when the particles move, the  Move Forwards  button starts the particles moving forwards, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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List of the base particles

Simple neutrino, photon, electron, positron, 'neutral' particle

This example of a simple universe now has

linear strand particles

left-handed coiled strand particles

right-handed coiled strand particles

left-handed helix shaped particles

right-handed helix shaped particles

left-handed torus shaped particles

right-handed torus shaped particles

left-handed double torus shaped particles (a left-handed torus shaped particle inside a right-handed torus shaped particle)

right-handed double torus shaped particles (a right-handed torus shaped particle inside a left-handed torus shaped particle)

The left-handed and right-handed helix shaped particles could be a simple neutrino particle

And pairs of the left-handed and right-handed helix shaped particles joined side-by-side could be a simple photon particle

And the left-handed torus shaped particle could be a simple positron particle

And the right-handed torus shaped particle could be a simple electron particle

And the left-handed and right-handed double torus shaped particles could be a simple 'neutral' particle, a particle that is not in the Standard model of particle physics

The following animation shows a simple sequence of the elementary strand shaped particle, tagged one behind the other, building the simple neutrino, positron, electron and 'neutral' particle; the  Particles  button steps through the process, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Quark particles

A simple proton and neutron

Simple atomic nuclei

In the Standard model of particle physics, the proton is two up quarks and one down quark, and the neutron is one up quark and two down quarks

Quark particles have colour charge as well as electric charge, and the characteristics of colour charge confinement prevents a single quark particle from being on its own

In this example of a simple universe, there are no particles that could be a quark particle

Perhaps a simple proton particle could be a positron particle sandwiched between two of the 'neutral' particles

And a simple neutron particle could be an electron particle embedded into the side of the simple proton particle

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of this simple universe's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

Perhaps simple atomic nuclei could be built by using the electron that is embedded in the side of the neutron, to also embed into the side of a proton, joining the proton and neutron together

In these simple atomic nuclei, the adjacent 'neutral' particles might have the same edge spin, in which case, their touching edges would hold the protons and neutrons together

While the electrons embedded in the sides of the protons and neutrons would align the protons and neutrons together into a horizontal grid

The following animation shows protons and neutrons bonding together to form the simple atomic nuclei of hydrogen through to carbon, included are possible decay sequences for the atomic nuclei isotopes, that perhaps are unstable, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

The following animation is interactive and allows the simple atomic nuclei of hydrogen through to iron to be built, the  Next  button steps through prepared atomic nuclei configurations, the  Filter  input box lists the prepared atomic nuclei configurations for direct selection, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Virtual photons

Simple electric fields

Simple electric charge

In the Standard model of particle physics, virtual photons are constantly created and destroyed by electrically charged particles

The Standard Model of particle physics uses the concept of virtual photons being exchanged between electrically charged particles, to calculate the electro-magnetic force

In this example of a simple universe, there are no particles that disappear once they have been created

Instead of virtual photons that come and go, in this example of a simple universe, the constant speed of the head of each strand particle could perhaps be greater than the constant speed of its tail

This would cause the strand particle to stretch, with the head of the strand particle eventually breaking free, perhaps leaving the strand particle with a new head that repeats the process

These continuously created particles, which in this example of a simple universe are permanent particles, could perhaps be simple electric field particles

All the subatomic particles in this example of a simple universe have a helix nature to their structure

And their electric field particles would be emitted with the same left-handed or right-handed helicity as that of the subatomic particles themselves

For convenience, the left-handed subatomic particles could be referred to as the particles that have positive electric charge, and produce positive electric field particles

And the right-handed subatomic particles could be referred to as the particles that have negative electric charge, and produce negative electric field particles

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The escaping electric field particles

The electron and positron's mass

The 'neutral' particle's mass

All the particles in this example of a simple universe, continuously create electric field particles, including the 'neutral' particle, as it consists of equal amounts of positive and negative electric charge

The particles of matter in this example of a simple universe have a closed torus structure (unlike the open-ended helix of the neutrino and particle of light)

As a suggestion, the internally generated electric field particles might escape from a torus shaped particle of matter, by forcing open a gap on the surface of the torus

As a suggestion, the torus shaped particles of matter might be initially formed from long helixes, and when the electric field particles escape from the torus, the escaping electric field particles, as a suggestion, might drag some of the strand particles from the torus

This might continue until the torus reaches a minimum number of strand particles, where the now lesser density of the electric field particles, as a suggestion, might no longer be able to drag further strand particles from the torus

If so, then when this point is reached, the electric field particles would escape from the torus shaped particle of matter in repeating pulses, but without further reducing the number of the strand particles in the torus

In this example of a simple universe, the escaping electric field particles could cause the electron and positron torus shaped particles to form to a set number of strand particles, and therefore to a set mass and to a set amount of electric charge

In the case of the 'neutral' particle, as a suggestion, the overlapping pair of toruses might cause the set size of the 'neutral' particle to be greater than the set size of the electron or the positron

If so, this would give the 'neutral' particle a greater mass than that of the electron or the positron (and a greater amount of internal electric charge than that of the electron or the positron)

When a double torus 'neutral' particle of matter is formed from helixes of different lengths, then as a suggestion, the longer helix, once it is bent around into the closed torus shape, might be stripped of its strand particles first

Until its length matches the shorter helix, at which point, the strand particles might then be stripped equally from both helixes, with both helixes now being in the closed torus shape

If so, this would cause the 'neutral' particle of matter to form with its left and right handed toruses always being equal

In this example of a simple universe, the amount of the positive and negative electric charge in the 'neutral' particle of matter, would then always be in equal amounts

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of this simple universe's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Moving a torus shaped particle

Simple attraction and repulsion

'Neutral' particle electric field particles are long

In this example of a simple universe, the simple matter particles have a torus shape

With the strand particles in a torus shaped particle moving at a constant speed

For a torus shaped particle to move forwards in this example of a simple universe, the particle's perfectly round torus shape has to distort

When a helix shaped electric field particle touches the surface of a torus shaped particle

The two touching surfaces will either in some way be moving in the same direction, or in some way will be moving in opposite directions

This could perhaps cause the strand particles that are touched by the electric field particle, to either stretch out, or to compress up

Causing an imbalance in the circular movement of the strand particles in the torus shaped particle

And the distorted torus shaped particle would then move

The direction in which the particle of matter moves

Would depend on whether the particle of matter has the same or opposite handiness to the handiness of the electric field particle

A negative electric field particle interacting with a negative torus particle, or a positive electric field particle interacting with a positive torus particle, would cause the internal movement of the torus shaped particle, to bunch up on the side that is moving away from the source of the electric field particles

And the torus shaped particle as a whole would then move away from the source of the electric field particles

Whereas a positive electric field particle interacting with a negative torus particle, or a negative electric field particle interacting with a positive torus particle, would cause the internal movement of the torus shaped particle, to bunch up on the side that is moving towards the source of the electric field particles

And the torus shaped particle as a whole would then move towards the source of the electric field particles

In this example of a simple universe, the electric field particles emitted by the 'neutral' particle, could perhaps be long in length

Whereas the electric field particles emitted by the electron or the positron particles, could perhaps be short in length

The following animation shows the simple electron, positron, neutrino, photon and 'neutral' particle, interacting with the short and long electric field particles, the  Interaction  button steps through the interactions, the   01   input box lists the interactions for direct selection, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Higgs mechanism

Simple inertia

Simple momentum

In the Standard model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism gives the particles of matter a resistance to having their movement changed, the Higgs mechanism gives mass to the electron and the quark particles

In this example of a simple universe, there is no mechanism that could be the Higgs mechanism

Instead of the Higgs mechanism...

In this example of a simple universe, with the strand particles in a torus shaped particle moving at a constant speed, for a torus shaped particle to move forwards

The internal strand particles of the torus shaped particle, have to bunch up on one side or other, distorting the particle's perfectly round torus shape

The following animation shows the simple electron particle and proton particle changing shape when the particles move, the  Move Forwards  button starts the particles moving forwards, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

In this example of a simple universe, the strand particles stick to each other and this continuously pulls a distorted torus shaped particle back into its perfectly round shape

As a con-sequence, the torus shaped particles have a continuous resistance to being moved, with respect to this simple universe's static universal reference frame

The torus shaped particles in this example of a simple universe have continuous inertia, they have a mass-like property built in, but this mechanism does not give the torus shaped particles momentum

However, a torus shaped particle in this example of a simple universe, could perhaps gain momentum by a pair of the helix shaped particles attaching themselves to the torus shaped particle

The continuous momentum of the helix shaped particles, would then push the torus shaped particle along, giving the torus shaped particle momentum

The following animation shows a simple photon particle attaching itself to an electron, and another photon attaching itself to a pair of electrons, the two photons pushing the electrons along, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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A physics engine

To calculate an interaction between three or more bodies requires step by step calculations

To model what happens in this example of a simple universe, each low level strand particle would be required to be modelled by a physics engine on a step by step basis

Attempting to model the high level subatomic particles that come out of the model, with stand alone equations, might be difficult

It would be nice to have a 3D physics engine for this simple universe model

If you have programming skills in 3D mathematics and would like to help develop such a physics engine, please get in touch

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) uploaded by Eliza Diggins of the University of Utah, that discusses chaos and the three body problem

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