The  Simple  Universe

When a random process is used to find a solution to a problem, it naturally discovers the simpler solutions more frequently than the complex solutions. This is the principle of a solution found by a random process

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries the genetic information of living things, formed by using the building blocks cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine

By placing those four building blocks into ever longer and varied sequences into a DNA molecule, all living things on earth are defined

Evolution occurs because of random changes in the DNA molecules passed on from parent to offspring, and so evolution produces simple solutions because of the principle of a solution found by a random process

For example, animals are able to assess what is around them, and a part of that requires objects to be seen distinctly. Evolution has achieved this for some animals by giving their eyes imperceptible tiny to and fro movements, causing the edges of an object's image on the eye's retina to oscillate in intensity. This allows edges in a scene to automatically stand out from the overall visual signals being sent to the animal's brain

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A universe might be simple if it has components with few qualities and those few qualities are simple. The following is an example of a simple universe

Space is three dimensional, which as a suggestion, has an outer edge that continuously moves away from a central position, continuously increasing the amount of the three dimensional space

One type of elementary particle, which as a suggestion, is created steadily over time at the expanding edge of the universe. The elementary particle has a shape, which as a suggestion, is strand shaped, and the head and tail of the elementary strand particle move at continuous constant speeds against a static universal reference frame in the three diemnsional space

One type of elementary force carrier particle, which as a suggestion, is created steadily over time by the elementary strand particle. The constant speed of the head of the elementary strand shaped particle, which as a suggestion, is greater than the constant speed of its tail, causes the strand shaped particle to continuously extend itself. Eventually the head of the strand shaped particle breaks free, and the new head of the strand shaped particle repeats the process. The part of the head that breaks free becomes a force carrier particle. The force carrier particle is also in the shape of a strand

One type of elementary interaction, which as a suggestion, is that the strand particles tend to stick to each other when their surfaces touch, and while in contact, they influence each other's direction of travel

When a force carrier strand particle catches up with an elementary strand particle and passes it by, their touching surfaces are moving at different speeds. As a suggestion, this causes the touching side of the elementary strand particle to stretch out, and the touching side of the force carrier strand particle to compress up, and the two strand particles curve around into an arc together

When a force carrier strand particle meets an elementary strand particle head-on and passses it by, their touching surfaces are moving in opposite directions. As a suggestion, this causes the touching sides of both strand particles to compress up, and the two strand particles twist around each other before passing on by

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A universe might be complex if it has components that have many qualities and those many qualities are complex. The following is an example of a complex universe

Space is three dimensional without a center nor an outer edge to the space. For example, the three dimensional space is curved into a fourth dimension. The space continuously expands into the fourth dimension. The particles inside the universe do not have access to the fourth dimension

Seventeen types of elementary particles structured as excitations of seventeen types of quantum fields that are present thoughout space, and the excitations were around 10⁸⁰ or more in number when created at the beginning of the universe

The elementary particles occupy space according to a probability amplitude and an uncertainty principle, and additionally some of the elementary particles obey an exclusion principle

The elementary particles move without reference to a universal reference frame

Some of the elementary particles have a quality, electric charge, that comes in an amount of either +1/3, +2/3, +1, -1/3, -2/3, or -1 electric charge

Some of the elementary particles have a quality, colour charge, that comes in an amount of either one red, one green, one blue, one antired, one antigreen, or one antiblue amount of colour charge

Thirteen types of elementary force carrier particles, the gauge bosons, which mediate interactions between the elementary particles

Four fundamental interactions

gravitational, electro-magnetic, weak, strong

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In the Simple Universe model, the atom is a system where electron particles orbit a central atomic nucleus that consists of proton and neutron particles

In the Simple Universe model, the proton is a positron sandwiched between two 'neutral' particles ⁽¹⁾ and the neutron is a proton with an electron embedded into the side of the proton

The 'neutral' particles are particles that have equal amounts of positive and negative electric charge and their positive and negative electric fields interact with light ⁽²⁾

And the orbiting electron is a particle that is pushed around the atomic nucleus by light attached to the electron ⁽³⁾

(1) The 'neutral' particle is not a particle that is in the Standard model of particle physics

(2) In the model, the electric field particles of the 'neutral' particle are longer in length than the electric field particles of the electron and positron

Their longer length allows the 'neutral' particle electric field particles to wrap around a particle of light and stretch out one side of the light while compressing up its other side

This causes the particle of light to arc along its body and alter its direction

(3) In the model, the natural state of a particle of matter is to be stationary with respect to the model's universal reference frame

For a particle of matter to move, the particle's perfectly round shape has to be distorted

Atoms resist being compressed

At a macro level, the strength of attraction between the oppositely charged electron and proton increases as the distance between the two particles decreases

At the atomic scale in the model, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields from the proton and neutron, have no effect on the light when the light is moving at a tangent to the nucleus

When the orbiting electron approaches the nucleus, this causes the light with its attached electron to tend towards a tangential path around the nucleus ⁽⁴⁾

(4) The positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields have no impact on the light when the path of the light is at a tangent to the electric field

When the electron and its attached light are moving towards the nucleus, most of the direction changes of the attached light are away from the nucleus

Which puts the path of the attached light more at a tangent to the nucleus and lessens the next interaction with the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields

The net outcome, is that close to the nucleus, the electron and its attached light are pushed onto a tangential path around the nucleus

Electrons that follow a circular path

At a macro level, electrons moving in a circular path radiate light

At the atomic scale in the model, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields from the proton and neutron, control the orbiting electron by changing the path of the light that is attached to the electron, and this keeps the light attached to the electron

Atoms restrict electrons to discrete orbitals

At a macro level, electrons have freedom of movement

At the atomic scale in the model, the positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields from the proton and neutron, control the path of the light that is attached to the orbiting electron, and this restrains the electron in its movement around the nucleus ⁽⁵⁾

However, because the strand particles inside the particle of matter stick to each other, they continuously pull a distorted particle of matter back into its perfectly round shape

The preferred state of the particle of matter's internal movement is to be in the perfectly round shape

This gives matter a continuous resistance to being moved, and matter only obtains persistent movement when it is pushed along by a particle of light attached to the particle of matter

(With light pushing particles of matter along, this is why particles of matter in the model do not move faster than light)

(5) To determine if electrons are restricted to discrete orbitals, then the model might need to be run as a computer program and the electrons observed to see if they follow discrete orbitals around the nucleus

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Our world consists of atoms. If the atom is modelled on the basis of the mathematics of quantum mechanics, then the atoms beyond hydrogen, have so far, required approximated results

For the model, regardless as to which atomic element is being modelled, the calculations in the model may be able to be completed

This means that the model of the atom may also be able to model any molecule, and then any substance, and so on, to everything

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If we were to understand the hydrogen atom completely, then we would understand the electron and the proton, for they are what a hydrogen atom is. And that would mean that we would understand electric charge, electric fields and mass, for these things are what an electron and proton are

And by understanding the electron and the proton, then we would understand light, for light is emitted when electrons and protons come together to form hydrogen. And it would also mean that we would understand the neutron and all the nuclei, for they are formed from the electron and the proton

And finally, if we were to understand the hydrogen atom completely, then we would understand gravity, for hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other

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