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The Simple Universe
Gravity
And the chiral helix
Sections
Suggested mechanism for gravity
Scientific method
Gravity and matter
Gravity and light
Galaxy rotation curves
Gravity and the electric force
Modern physics discussion on gravity
Gravity
Suggested mechanism for gravity
Chirality is when an object has a left-handed form that is spatially different to its right-handed form, such as our left and right hands
We shake hands with our right hands, although the handshake would work just as well if we were to use our left hands, for these two handshakes are equivalent to each other
However, a handshake where one person uses their left hand and the other uses their right hand, is a different handshake, and it is not equivalent to the other two handshakes
If the mechanism of electric charge were to be chiral in nature, then the above suggests that the electric charge attractive force might not equal the electric charge repulsive force
A group of chiral electrical particles that are overall electrically neutral, might have an overall attraction towards each other, or might have an overall repulsion away from each other
Another example of chirality is the helix shape
The Simple Universe model describes the subatomic particles as particles that have an underlying helical structure
The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the subatomic particles in the model - the button steps through the particles
The
button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
The Subatomic Particles
In the Simple Universe model, the left and right forms of the torus shaped particles of matter, gives the particles of matter the quality of 'positive' and 'negative' electric charge
The behaviour of attraction and repulsion comes from the left and right forms of the torus shaped particles of matter, interacting with the left and right forms of the model's helical shaped electric field particles
In the Simple Universe model
A 'positive' particle of matter interacts with a 'negative' electric field particle, a little bit stronger
Than when it interacts with a 'positive' electric field particle
And a 'negative' particle of matter interacts with a 'positive' electric field particle, a little bit stronger
Than when it interacts with a 'negative' electric field particle
This results in the model having a small overall attractive force between atoms, a consequence that is similar to gravity
The following animation shows how left-handed and right-handed helix structures have a slightly better contact, than the contact of left-handed and left-handed helix structures, and the contact of right-handed and right-handed helix structures - the button shows the small difference between the interactions, when the helical structures are tightly wound
The
button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Gravity
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Gravity
Scientific method
Amongst other things, scientific method requires observation, scepticism, and clarity of thought
In general, physics theories are validated by comparing what is calculated using the mathematics of the theory, to what is experimentally observed
In general, physics theories have a mathematical form, such as for example, gravity and the general theory of relativity
The suggested mathematical form of the Simple Universe model is a physics engine that models the behaviour of a strand shaped particle
In the model, the strand shaped particle moves continuously at a constant speed against a universal reference frame in three dimensional space, and interacts by touch at its surface
When a strand shaped particle encounters another strand shaped particle, the two particles tend to stick together, and while in contact, they influence each other's direction of travel
The physics engine for the Simple Universe model, models the consequences of gravity without having an equation for gravity
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Gravity
Gravity and matter
Gravity is a tiny force compared to the weak interaction, electro-magnetic interaction, and the strong nuclear interaction
In the model, gravity is a tiny force because it is the tiny difference between the attraction and repulsion of the electric force in the model
Explaining gravity in this way, means that there is no antigravity in the model, nor is there any differece between the behaviour of antiparticle and ordinary particle in a gravitational field
In the model, gravity affects all the particles of matter in the same way
That is, gravity pulls together the particles that have mass, i.e. the torus shaped particles that are the electron, positron, left-handed 'neutral' particle, right-handed 'neutral' particle
Large dense objects can perhaps exist in the model, such as a neutron star, or a quaser (quasers perhaps emitting light, as a suggestion, by crushing matter at their cores into light)
But in the model, matter cannot form an object such as a black hole, where by definition, light does not escape
In the model, light is directed around objects that have mass
Light is not directed into objects that have mass
(And objects that have mass, have no affect at all on the path of neutrinos)
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Gravity
Gravity and light
In the model, light is directed around the nucleus of an atom
The positive and negative, long electric field particles that radiate out from the 'neutral' particles that are in the nucleus of an atom
Direct the light onto a tangential path around the nucleus of the atom
In the model, a particle of light and the neutrino particle are helix shaped particles
And helix shaped particles are affected by gravity in a different way to that of the torus shaped particles of matter
In the model, gravity pulls light around objects, not into objects, and neutrinos are not affected by gravity at all
(Although both particles, light and neutrinos, will contribute towards a gravitational field)
In the model, there are two types of electric field particles
• Short electric field particles from the electron, and the positron that is inside a proton
• Long electric field particles from the 'neutral' particle
(Particles of light and neutrinos also produce electric field particles, but for simplicity of this discussion, are not included here)
Having two lengths of electric field particles makes no difference for their interactions with the particles of matter, but for light, it gives light a different behaviour in the two types of electric fields
The short electric field particles are not able to change the path of light
But the long electric field particles can change the path of light, by wrapping themselves around a particle of light, causing the particle of light to arc along its body and change direction
For example, as a suggestion, in the model refraction and reflection of light are caused by light interacting with the long electric field particles at the surface of an object
Also as a suggestion, it is the long electric field particles that pull light around a massive object, such as the bending of starlight around the sun, as observed during a solar eclipse
As a suggestion, another consequence of the long electric field particles pulling light around a massive object
Might be that when light from a galaxy passes near to another galaxy or cluster of galaxies, then the light from the galaxy might be bent around the galaxy or cluster of galaxies
If this effect were to occur in the model, then it would be similar to the effect referred to as gravitational lensing
The following animation shows how the electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light, interact with the short and long electric field particles in the model - the button steps through the interactions, and the 23 input box lists the interactions for direct selection
The
button start / stops the animation
(any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Electric Fields
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Gravity
Galaxy rotation curves
In the model, light is directed around the nucleus of an atom
The positive and negative, long electric field particles that radiate out from the 'neutral' particles that are in the nucleus of an atom
Direct the light onto a tangential path around the nucleus of the atom
A galaxy that has most of its mass at its center, will also have positive and negative, long electric field particles radiating out from the center of the galaxy
In much the same way that the positive and negative, long electric field particles radiate out from the center of an atom
In the model, the particles of matter that are in the stars that are in a galaxy
All have particles of light attached to the particles of matter, pushing the particles of matter along
As a suggestion, the positive and negative, long electric field particles radiating out from a galactic center, interact with those particles of light that are attached to the particles of matter in the stars
And like the light attached to electrons when orbiting an atom, those attached particles of light will tend to be directed onto a tangential path around the galaxy
It might be that calculating the orbital speeds of the outer stars in a galaxy
Might be more complex than using an equation for gravity acting on particles of matter
For example, in the model, electrons in the outer atomic orbitals of an atom, move faster than electrons in the inner atomic orbitals of an atom
Could it be, that in the model, the positive and negative, long electric field particles that radiate out from the center of a galaxy, might cause the outer stars in a galaxy to orbit faster than expected for their distance from the galactic center
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Gravity
Gravity and the electric force
In the model, the proton contains two of the 'neutral' particles in addition to the proton's internally enclosed positron
This gives the proton more mass than the electron but without giving the proton extra naked electric charge
Causing the model's gravity and electric force to appear to be different forces, even though gravity in the model is a consequence of the electric force
In addition, electric fields appear to be different from a gravitational field, in that it is possible to shield from an electric field, whereas it is not possible to shield from a gravitational field
An example of an electric field shield is the Faraday cage, although perhaps, the description of the cage as a shield is misleading, for electric fields are not absent from inside the cage, but rather the positive and negative fields inside the cage are equal to each other
This is similar to how the attractive and repulsive electric interactions between all the individual subatomic particles that make up the earth
Cancel each other out
(Except that in the model, the attraction and repulsion interactions don't quite cancel each other out, the slightly stronger electric field attraction leads to the small overall attraction that is gravity)
Here is an old video that discusses
electric fields and gravity in the model
And an old video that discusses
light in an electric field in the model
(ignore the naming of the 'neutral' particle
as a
'dark matter'
particle)
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Gravity
Modern physics discussion on gravity
The modern physics mechanism for gravity, is Einstein's general theory of relativity, where gravity is represented as curved spacetime
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2012) of Dr Bob Eagle discussing gravity and galaxy rotation curves (from the YouTube channel DrPhysicsA)
Discussion on gravity and galaxy rotation curves
0 minutes : principles of a gravitational orbit
4 minutes : relationship between an orbit's distance and orbital speed
5 minutes : orbital speed when there is mass present, that is further out, beyond the distance of the orbit
7 minutes : expected galaxy orbital speeds
8 minutes : measured galaxy orbital speeds
12 minutes : gravitational lensing of light
18 minutes : calculated distribution of matter in a galaxy, based on the galaxy's observed rotation curve
19 minutes : modified version of gravity
20 minutes : could neutrinos provide the missing mass
21 minutes : could black holes or brown dwarf stars provide the missing mass
22 minutes : percentage of the required missing mass
And also for reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) of Arvin Ash discussing why quantum mechanics has so far been unable to include gravity, with possible solutions provided by string theory and loop quantum theory
Discussion on quantum mechanics and gravity
0 minutes : deterministic to probabilistic universe
2 minutes : why must we quantize gravity
5 minutes : conflict between gravity and quantum mechanics
9 minutes : quantizing gravity is difficult
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