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Gravity Chiral objects
(*) The Simple Universe model starts with a mechanism for gravity, and builds the model based on that mechanism - the assumption is that there may not be many mechanisms for gravity, and if that is true, then there is a chance that the model's chosen mechanism for gravity, is the actual mechanism, if that is the case, then the whole model might be relevant as well
Sections
Mechanism for gravity
Gravity and the electric force
Gravity and matter
Gravity and light
Gravity and galaxy rotation curves
Gravity and scientific method
Gravity and modern physics
Next pages: Experiments
10 Double-slit experiment 11 Variation in the reflection of light 12 Stern-Gerlach experiment
Mechanism for gravity Chiral objects
Chirality is when an object has a left-handed form that is spatially different to its right-handed form, such as our left and right hands
We shake hands with our right hands
Although the handshake would work just as well if we were to use our left hands, for these two handshakes are equivalent to each other
However, a handshake where one person uses their left hand and the other uses their right hand, is a different handshake, and it is not equivalent to the other two handshakes
If the mechanism of electric charge were to be chiral in nature, then the above suggests that the electric charge attractive force might not equal the electric charge repulsive force
A group of chiral electrical particles that are overall electrically neutral, might have an overall attraction towards each other, or might have an overall repulsion away from each other
Another example of chirality is the helix shape
The Simple Universe model describes all the subatomic particles as particles that have an underlying helix structure
The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the button steps through the particles, the button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
The Subatomic Particles
In the Simple Universe model, the left and right forms of the torus shaped particles of matter, gives the particles of matter the quality of positive and negative electric charge
The behaviour of attraction and repulsion comes from the left and right forms of the torus shaped particles of matter, interacting with the left and right forms of the model's helix shaped electric field particles
In the Simple Universe model, an electric field particle has a chiral helix shape, and a particle of matter has a chiral torus shape, which leads to...
A positive electric field particle interacting with a negative particle of matter a little bit stronger
Than when the positive electric field particle interacts with a positive particle of matter
And a negative electric field particle interacting with a positive particle of matter a little bit stronger
Than when the negative electric field particle interacts with a negative particle of matter
This results in the model having a small overall attractive force between atoms, a con-sequence that is similar to gravity
The following animation shows how left-handed and right-handed helix structures have a slightly better contact, than the contact of left-handed and left-handed helix structures, and the contact of right-handed and right-handed helix structures, the button shows the small difference between the interactions, when the helix structures are tightly wound, the button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Gravity
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Gravity and the electric force Chiral objects
The following animation shows how the electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light, interact with the short and long electric field particles in the model, the button steps through the interactions, the 01 input box lists the interactions for direct selection, the button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Electric Fields
In the Simple Universe model, the proton contains two of the 'neutral' particles in addition to the proton's internally enclosed positron
This gives the proton more mass than the electron but without giving the proton extra naked electric charge
Causing the model's gravity and electric force to appear to be different forces, even though gravity in the model is a con-sequence of the electric force
In addition, electric fields appear to be different from a gravitational field, in that it is possible to shield from an electric field, whereas it is not possible to shield from a gravitational field
An example of an electric field shield is the Faraday cage, although perhaps, the description of the cage as a shield is misleading, for electric fields are not absent from inside the cage, but rather the positive and negative fields inside the cage are equal to each other
That is similar to how the attractive and repulsive electric interactions between all the individual subatomic particles that make up the earth
Cancel each other out
(Except that in the model, the attraction and repulsion interactions don't quite cancel each other out, the slightly stronger electric field attraction leads to the small overall attraction that is gravity)
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Gravity and matter Chiral objects
In the Simple Universe model, gravity is a con-sequence of the difference in strengths between the attractive and repulsive interactions of the electric force
In the model, gravity is a small force, because the difference in strengths between the attractive and repulsive interactions of the electric force, is small
Explaining gravity in this way, means that there is no antigravity in the model, nor is there any difference between the behaviour of antiparticle and ordinary particle in a gravitational field
In the model, gravity affects all the particles of matter in the same way
That is, gravity pulls together the particles that have mass, i.e. the torus shaped particles that are the electron, positron, left-handed 'neutral' particle, right-handed 'neutral' particle
Large dense objects can perhaps exist in the model, such as a neutron star, or a quaser (quasers perhaps emitting light, as a suggestion, by crushing matter at their cores into light)
But in the model, matter cannot form an object such as a black hole, where by definition, light does not escape
In the Simple Universe model, light is directed around objects that have mass
Light is not directed into objects that have mass
(And objects that have mass, have no affect at all on the path of neutrinos)
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Gravity and light Chiral objects
In the Simple Universe model, there are two types of electric field particles
Short electric field particles from the electron, and the positron that is inside a proton
And long electric field particles from the 'neutral' particle that is inside a proton
Light and neutrinos also produce electric field particles, but for simplicity, those electric field particles are not included in this discussion
(As a note, the electric field particles from light and neutrinos, also contribute towards a gravitational field)
In the model, light and neutrinos are helix shaped particles
And helix shaped particles interact with electric field particles in a different way to that of the torus shaped particles of matter
Having two lengths of electric field particles makes no difference for their interactions with the particles of matter, but for light, it gives light a different behaviour in the two types of electric fields
The short electric field particles are not able to change the path of light
But the long electric field particles can change the path of light, by wrapping themselves around a particle of light, causing the particle of light to arc along its body and change direction
And neutrinos are not affected by electric field particles at all, either long or short
In the Simple Universe model, the positive and negative, long electric field particles that radiate out from the 'neutral' particles that are in the nucleus of an atom
Direct light onto a tangential path around the nucleus of an atom
And the same consequence is true for light when near objects
Light is directed around objects, not into objects
Light and neutrinos are not affected by the con-sequences that, in the model, lead to gravity for the particles of matter
For example, as a suggestion, reflection, refraction and diffraction of light in the model, are caused by light interacting with the long electric field particles at the surface of an object
And also as a suggestion, it is the long electric field particles that direct light around a massive object, such as the bending of starlight around the sun, as observed during a solar eclipse
As a suggestion, another con-sequence of the long electric field particles directing light around a massive object
Might be that when light from a galaxy passes near to another galaxy or cluster of galaxies, then the light from the galaxy might be bent around the galaxy or cluster of galaxies
If this effect were to occur in the model, then it would be similar to the effect referred to as gravitational lensing
The following animation shows how the electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light, interact with the short and long electric field particles in the model, the button steps through the interactions, the 23 input box lists the interactions for direct selection, the button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)
Electric Fields
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Gravity and galaxy rotation curves Chiral objects
In the Simple Universe model, light is directed around the nucleus of an atom, because...
The positive and negative, long electric field particles that radiate out from the 'neutral' particles that are in the nucleus of an atom
Direct the light onto a tangential path around the nucleus of the atom
A galaxy that has most of its mass at its center, will also have positive and negative, long electric field particles radiating out from the center of the galaxy
In much the same way that the positive and negative, long electric field particles radiate out from the center of an atom
In the model, the particles of matter that are in the stars that are in a galaxy
All have particles of light attached to the particles of matter, pushing the particles of matter along
As a suggestion, the positive and negative, long electric field particles radiating out from a galactic center, interact with those particles of light that are attached to the particles of matter in the stars
And like the light attached to electrons when orbiting an atom, those attached particles of light will tend to be directed onto a tangential path around the galaxy
It could be that calculating the orbital speeds of the outer stars in a galaxy
Might be more complex than using an equation for gravity acting on particles of matter
For example, in the model, electrons in the outer atomic orbitals of an atom, move faster than electrons in the inner atomic orbitals of an atom
Could it be, that in the model, the positive and negative, long electric field particles that radiate out from the center of a galaxy
Cause the outer stars in a galaxy to orbit faster than expected for their distance from the galactic center
Could it be, that the long electric field particles have a greater interaction with particles of matter that are moving faster and are therefore pushed along by a larger particle of light
Than with particles of matter that are moving slower and therefore pushed along by a smaller particle of light
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Gravity and scientific method Chiral objects
Amongst other things, scientific method requires observation, scepticism, and clarity of thought
In general, physics theories are validated by comparing what is calculated using the mathematics of the theory, to what is experi-mentally observed
In general, physics theories have a mathematical form, such as for example, gravity and the general theory of relativity
In the Simple Universe model, it is the shape of a particle that is important
The mathematical form of the Simple Universe model
Is a physics engine that models the behaviour, of a three dimensional strand shaped particle, that moves continuously at a single constant speed, against a static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space
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Gravity and modern physics Chiral objects
The approach of the Simple Universe model is to use three dimensional pictures and words to describe things, whereas modern physics uses equations and diagrams
The modern physics description for gravity, is Einstein's general theory of special relativity
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) of Claudia de Rham discussing the effective field theory of gravity (lecture 2 of 4)
Effective field theory of gravity (lecture 2 of 4)
0 minutes : a lecture that uses mathematics for logic...
1 hour 5 minutes : ...end of lecture
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2012) of Dr Bob Eagle discussing gravity and galaxy rotation curves (from the YouTube channel DrPhysicsA)
Discussion on gravity and galaxy rotation curves
0 minutes : principles of a gravitational orbit
4 minutes : relationship between an orbit's distance and orbital speed
5 minutes : orbital speed when there is mass present, that is further out, beyond the distance of the orbit
7 minutes : expected galaxy orbital speeds
8 minutes : measured galaxy orbital speeds
12 minutes : gravitational lensing of light
18 minutes : calculated distribution of matter in a galaxy, based on the galaxy's observed rotation curve
19 minutes : modified version of gravity
20 minutes : could neutrinos provide the missing mass
21 minutes : could black holes or brown dwarf stars provide the missing mass
22 minutes : percentage of the required missing mass
For reference, here is a YouTube video (2022) of Arvin Ash discussing why quantum mechanics has so far been unable to include gravity, with possible solutions provided by string theory and loop quantum theory
Discussion on quantum mechanics and gravity
0 minutes : deterministic to probabilistic universe
2 minutes : why must we quantize gravity
5 minutes : conflict between gravity and quantum mechanics
9 minutes : quantizing gravity is difficult
Here is an old video that discusses electric fields and gravity in the model
Here is an old video that discusses light in an electric field in the model (ignore the naming of the 'neutral' particle as a 'dark matter' particle)
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The Simple Universe
