Requirements Simple requirements

An expanding 3D universe

The elementary particle

Atom formation

Particle and antiparticle

Multiple universes

The Simple Universe model consists of a universe that, as a suggestion, starts as a point source, which once formed, then continuously increases in size as a three⁽¹⁾ dimensional volume of space

(1) Is there a physical meaning to the mathematical concepts of one, two, three, four, etc. dimensions?

The model contains one type of elementary particle, a strand shaped particle, that as a suggestion, is created in a continuous manner at the expanding edge of the model's volume of space

As a suggestion, the strand shaped particle moves at a continuous constant speed in relation to the model's static universal reference frame, and whose interaction is that it tends to stick to other strand particles when their surfaces touch

The dense population of strand particles created at the expanding edge of the universe, interact to form the model's first right-handed and left-handed neutrinos, and these interact to form the model's first electrons, positrons, right-handed 'neutral' particles, and left-handed 'neutral' particles

The following animation shows a simple sequence of the elementary strand shaped particle, tagged one behind the other, building the model's four base particles: the neutrino, positron, electron and 'neutral' particle; the  Particles  button steps through the process, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

As a suggestion, some of the neutrinos join side-by-side to form the model's first particles of light

And some of the positrons and electrons join side-by-side, allowing the particles to split open and also form the model's first particles of light

And some of the left-handed and right-handed 'neutral' particles join side-by-side, allowing these particles to split open and also form the model's first particles of light

But also, some of the positrons become sandwiched between a left-handed and a right-handed 'neutral' particle, to form the model's first protons, and these are able to couple with electrons to form the model's first hydrogen atoms

And also, some of the electrons join with a left-handed and a right-handed 'neutral' particle, to form the model's first antiprotons, and these are able to couple with positrons to form the model's first antihydrogen atoms

In addition, in the model, a neutron is a proton with an electron embedded into the side of the proton, and an antineutron is an antiproton with a positron embedded into the side of the antiproton

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

By some mechanism (unknown), if in the model, protons were to have a greater tendency to form than antiprotons

Then once all annihilations have taken place, some protons and some electrons would be left over to form hydrogen atoms

Simply as a thought, life on earth has evolved to use chiral molecules where only the left form, or only the right form, of the chiral molecule is used

I wonder if, once a proton is formed in a vicinity, could it perhaps act as a catalyst to enable other protons to be formed

Traditionally, our universe is considered as consisting of ordinary matter, with little if any antimatter in the universe

And that ordinary matter consists of particles, as opposed to antiparticles

But the Simple Universe model is different

Throughout the Simple Universe model's universe, at every location, the number of particles is the same as the number of antiparticles

That is, on dismantling the components of an atom, the number of electrons is the same as the number of positrons, and the number of right-handed 'neutral' particles is the same as the number of left-handed 'neutral' particles

Whether a universe is created by something, and that something is itself created by something else ad infinitum, or whether a universe comes into existence from nothing, is not clear, for both seem to have difficulties in logic

Multiple universes would also seem to be an inevitable outcome, although in such cases, the universes are unlikely to be able to detect each other

If two universes come into existence without either having caused the other to form, then the two universes are likely to exist at an infinite distance apart from each other

This can be understood by considering an arbitrary distance surrounding a universe, say ten of its 'universe widths', and asking

What is the chance of another universe forming inside that distance, compared to the chance of that new universe forming in the distance beyond that 'ten universe width'?

Since the distance of the nothing beyond is infinite, the new universe will be more likely to form in the infinite beyond than in the arbitrary 'ten universe width', and that is true for whatever size of arbitrary width is chosen

In effect, each universe would seem as if it were the only universe in existence, even if it is not

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The elementary strand particle

The types of subatomic particles

Antiparticles

Wave-like behaviour

The Standard Model

Mathematical form of the Simple Universe model

Philosophical question

In the Simple Universe model, the elementary particle is a strand shaped particle that has a shape, and a size, and a surface, and at any one moment in time, a specific position in three dimensional space

In the model, all the subatomic particles are made from the strand shaped particle

As a con-sequence, in the model, the subatomic particles do not have a wave-particle duality

Nor do the subatomic particles follow a Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Nor do the subatomic particles follow a Pauli exclusion principle

In the model, the types of subatomic particles that can be constructed from the strand particle is limited, with the rules for converting one subatomic particle to another, a con-sequence of their construction

This makes the rules in the model for converting one subatomic particle into another, understood by looking at the particles

For example, in the model, the difference between the positron and the electron, is that the positron is a left-handed torus, whereas the electron is a right-handed torus

And the difference between an antiproton and a proton (in addition to the antiproton's internal electron as compared to the proton's internal positron), is that the antiproton has its pair of 'neutral' particles that surround its internal electron, flipped 180 degrees, compared to the proton's pair of 'neutral' particles that surround its internal positron

In the model, the term antiparticle applies only to the torus shaped particles, i.e. the particles of matter

A torus shaped particle can either be left-handed or right-handed, giving all the particles of matter a particle and an antiparticle form

When opppositely handed torus shaped particles touch, as a suggestion, the gaps caused by their escaping electric fields align, allowing the touching torus rings to break open and form a left-handed helix that is side-by-side with a right-handed helix, which is a particle of light

When a particle of light is formed in this way, then the left and right helix portions of the light will always be of equal lengths

Since light and neutrinos are already in a helix form, the term antiparticle does not apply to light or neutrinos

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

The model uses streams of the electric field particles to produce wave-like behaviour, with quantum mechanical behaviour emerging rather than being fundamental

That is, in the model, non quantum mechanical concepts are used to produce quantum mechanical behaviour, such as the atom, the double-slit experiment, and the variation in the reflection of light from glass

To check for quantum mechanical behaviour, the model may need to be run on a computer

And either quantum mechanical behaviour will be observed (and therefore the model's non quantum mechanism behind quantum mechanics is confirmed), or quantum mechanical behaviour will be absent

All the behaviour in the model can be computed, with the model able to be tested by running any real world example and comparing the results of the model to experiment

In the Standard model of particle physics, the elementary particles are based on quantum field theory, where elementary particles are excited states (also referred to as quanta) of their underlying fields

In a sense, the quantum fields in the Standard Model are more fundamental than the elementary particles themselves

Quantum fields are different to particles, in that quantum fields are relativistic waves spread out in space

In general, theories in physics have a mathematical form

In the Simple Universe model, it is the shape of a particle that is important

The mathematical form of the Simple Universe model

Is a physics engine that models the behaviour, of a three dimensional strand shaped particle, that moves continuously at a single constant speed, against a static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

The elementary strand shaped particle has one interaction, touch at its surface

When a strand shaped particle encounters another strand shaped particle, the two particles stick together, and while in contact, they influence each other's direction of travel

The various behaviours of every particle and every object in the model is a con-sequence of the continuous constant speed of the strand particle, and a con-sequence of the shapes of the subatomic particles that are formed from the strand particle

If required to summarise the behaviour of the high level subatomic particles in the model into equations, such as the equations found in the mathematical formulation of the Standard model of particle physics

Then the physics engine that models the behaviour of the strand shaped particle would need to be run on a computer, and the behaviour of the subsequently created high level subatomic particles observed, and that observed behaviour summarised into equations

Attempting to model the high level subatomic particles that come out of the model, with stand alone equations, might be difficult

Even with the non quantum mechanical concept of the strand particle in the model, there is still the question as to how 'abruptly' does the surface of the strand particle end

It may be that the boundary of the strand particle is a gradient of density that reduces down across distance

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2021) of Arvin Ash discussing particles and forces

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Continuous constant movement

Creating the subatomic particles

Inertia and momentum of light and matter

Inertia and momentum are different things

The speed of light

In the Simple Universe model, motion comes from the model's elementary strand particle moving at a continuous constant speed against the model's universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

In the model, the yardsticks of speed, length and rate of time are dependent on one another

At the lowest level, the model's yardsticks of speed, length and time are defined by the continuous constant speed of the elementary strand particle, and they are yardsticks that do not vary

Having the strand particle locked into a continuous constant speed, does not mean that everything in the model must then move at that constant speed

As a suggestion, the strand particles tend to stick to one another when their surfaces touch, and by curling the strand particle into a helix, particles can be formed that move forward through space at a slower speed than the simple straight-line speed of the strand particles themselves

And by curling the helixes into toruses, particles can be formed that can move forward through space at varying speeds, including not moving at all

In the model, the neutrino and particles of light are created by curling the strand particles into helixes

And the electron, positron, left-handed 'neutral' particle, right-handed 'neutral' particle are created by curling the helixes into toruses

In the model, the proton is created by sandwiching a positron between a left-handed 'neutral' particle and a right-handed 'neutral' particle

And the neutron is created by embedding an electron into the side of a proton

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

In the model, everything is constructed from the elementary strand shaped particle

A particle that continuously moves at a continuous constant speed against the model's static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

The continuous constant speed of the strand particles give the particle of light and the neutrino a continuous forward motion

This results in the particle of light and the neutrino in the model having persistent momentum

The particles of matter are torus shaped particles, and their natural state is to be stationary with respect to the model's static universal reference frame

With the strand particles in a particle of matter moving at a constant speed, for a torus shaped particle of matter to move forwards, the particle of matter's perfectly round torus shape has to distort

However, the strand particles inside a particle of matter stick together and continuously pull a distorted particle of matter back into its perfectly round torus shape

This gives a particle of matter a persistent resistance to being moved, with respect to the model's static universal reference frame

In the model, a particle of matter has persistent inertia but not persistent momentum

For a particle of matter to gain persistent forward movement, the particle of matter needs to be pushed along by something that has persistent momentum, such as a particle of light

In the model, a particle of matter obtains persistent momentum when a particle of light attaches itself to the particle of matter (which is why particles of matter in the model do not move faster than light)

In the model, momentum and inertia have different causes

Particles of matter have persistent inertia and therefore they have mass, but they do not have momentum

Whereas a particle of light and the neutrino have persistent momentum, but they do not have inertia and therefore they do not have mass

When a particle of light attaches itself to a particle of matter, the particle of matter obtains momentum at the expense of the particle of light's persistent foward movement, whose forward speed is now reduced while it pushes the particle of matter along

When the attached particle of light (or portion of the attached particle of light) is released from a particle of matter, the released particle of light's constant internal movement returns the released particle of light back to its natural forward speed

The following animation shows particles of light in the model attaching themselves to an electron and an electron pair, and pushing the electrons along, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

In the model, there is nothing special about the speed of light

And a particle of light experiences events just as any other particle experiences events

Nor is there anything special about faster than light travel, for that is how the elementary strand particle moves

And as a con-sequence for example, the surface of the electron has a constant movement that is faster than the speed of light

It is hard to comprehend how quickly the subatomic particles themselves move, for subatomic particles can travel world-like distances in less than a second

Perhaps one way to think of movement in the model, is that everything in the atomic world moves at a reasonable, steady pace

And it is us who are very large, and it is us who do things very, very slowly

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The travelling twin scenario

A common explanation

An alternative approach

Conclusion

In the Simple Universe model, motion is in relation to a static universal reference frame, and yet in our universe no such universal reference frame has been detected

In this discussion, attention is focused on the relativistic "travelling twin" scenario and the behaviour of a clock when in one inertial reference frame

Compared to the clock's behaviour when in a different inertial reference frame

If, as assumed in the theory of special relativity, inertial reference frames have equivalence

Then the behaviour of the clock should be the same, regardless as to which inertial reference frame the clock is in

In the travelling twin scenario, there are apparent changes in rates of time that the twins 'see' equally in each other

When coasting away from each other, or when coasting towards each other

But there is also an actual loss of time incurred by the travelling twin

For when the travelling twin returns home, her clock has less time on it than her stay at home twin's clock

In this discussion, the loss of time on the travelling twin's clock is related to the distance of the journey

Any additional loss of time related to acceleration can be removed from the scenario, if required, sometimes referred to as the "three-brother" version of the scenario

To explain the travelling twin's loss of time, something is required to be different about her time during her journey

Compared to her stay at home twin's time

A common explanation is that the loss of time is because, at some point during the journey

The travelling twin's rate of time slowed down

However, that then means that at some point in her journey, the travelling twin's now slowed rate of time, would need to speed up, in order to return to the earth's rate of time

For when the travelling twin returns to earth, in the inertial reference frame of the earth, although her clock shows less time, her clock once more ticks at the same rate as other clocks tick on earth

In this common explanation, the inertial reference frame change that increased her rate of time back up to the earth's rate of time

Would require an inertial reference frame change that behaves differently

To the inertial reference frame change that slowed her rate of time down from the earth's rate of time

But that is not possible if all inertial reference frames have the same behaviour

If the assumption is that all inertial reference frames have the same behaviour, then a logical inconsistency occurs in the common explanation of the travelling twin's loss of time

What if the loss of time is because during her journey, the travelling twin's path through spacetime is shorter than her stay at home twin's path through spacetime

Now her rate of time does not change (referred to as proper time), as it is only her position in spacetime that changes

But at the end of the journey, the length of the travelling twin's now shorter path through spacetime, would need to lengthen

So that she can return to the longer spacetime path of her stay at home twin, and the two can once more be next to each other in spacetime

Again, this requires one inertial reference frame change to behave differently to another inertial reference frame change

The first inertial reference frame change shortens her current path in spacetime, whereas the second inertial reference frame change lengthens her current path in spacetime

These logical inconsistencies suggest that any explanation that includes inertial reference frames being equivalent to one another

Will contain a logical inconsistency in their explanation as to the travelling twin's loss in time

The above logical inconsistencies suggest that the behaviour of changing from one inertial reference frame to another

Is dependent on the movement of the inertial reference frame relative to a universal reference frame

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Special relativity calculations

Supporting evidence for a universal reference frame

Spacetime

Time

Special relativity scenarios

Light clock

Unstable particles

When atoms move

Speed of light

Ability to measure the speed of light

If there is a universal reference frame present in our universe, but it cannot be detected, then the choice of which inertial reference frame to consider as the universal reference frame, would be arbitrary

That would explain as to why the calculations of special relativity work, since the inertial reference frame that the calculations are being performed in, can always be considered as stationary with respect to the universal reference frame

That would allow moving away from the current inertial reference frame, to calculate time as slowing down, and when returning back to that inertial reference frame, to calculate time as speeding up

Although there may be a logical inconsistency in special relativity, that does not mean that the calculations of special relativity are inaccurate, or its calculations are any less useful

Supporting evidence for a universal reference frame also comes from the constant speed of light

When particles of light move in the same direction, they do not catch up with each other, nor do they move apart from each other

This suggests that particles of light move at their constant speed with respect to a single reference frame

If a universal reference frame is accepted as part of the Simple Universe model, then there is the question, can that universal reference frame be detected by things that are inside the model?

To see if the universal reference frame can be detected from inside the model, scenarios can be investigated using a computer, and the computerised results of any real world example compared to experiment

Having a universal reference frame, removes the need for the concept of spacetime

In the Simple Universe model, the rate of time is constant, defined by the constant speed of the elementary strand particle moving through three dimensional space

In the Simple Universe model, time has a single direction - the elementary strand particle creates child strand particles - this is a one way process

As a suggestion, the ability of any object in the model to measure that fixed rate of time, varies when the object as a whole moves

The suggestion is that this is true, whether the moving object is a mechanical clock, a biological clock, an atomic clock, radioactive decay of an unstable atomic nucleus, or decay of an unstable subatomic particle - anything that is made from the elementary strand particle

As a suggestion, in general in the Simple Universe model, moving clocks measure a slower rate of time than stationary clocks because the electrons and protons in an atom in the model, become restricted in their change of movement the closer the atom gets to the speed of light

There are a large number of relativistic scenarios to consider for the model, here are two examples

The light clock scenario requires that atoms in the Simple Universe model change their behaviour when they move

As a suggestion, when a light clock in the model moves, the electrons in the atoms of the light clock emit their particles of light in a more forward direction than when the light clock is stationary

Another scenario is the rate of decay of an unstable subatomic particle

As a suggestion, the subatomic particles in the Simple Universe model, increase their stability when they move, and as a suggestion, when a subatomic particle in the model moves, its electric field escapes in a more forward direction than when the subatomic particle is stationary, lessening the ability of the escaping electric field to destabalise the subatomic particle into decay

The constant speed of the strand particle suggests that when the electron, proton and neutron form an atom in the Simple Universe model, the atom will have relativistic behaviour when the atom moves

For example, the shape of the electron orbitals in the atom foreshorten along the direction that the atom is travelling

In the Simple Universe model, there is nothing special about the speed of light

And a particle of light experiences events just as any other particle experiences events

Nor is there anything special about faster than light travel, for that is how the elementary strand particle moves

And as a con-sequence for example, the surface of the electron has a constant movement that is faster than the speed of light

Perhaps one way to think of movement in the model, is that everything in the atomic world moves at a reasonable, steady pace

And it is us who are very large, and it is us who do things very, very slowly

In general, the measurement of the speed of light as a constant, regardless as to the observer's own motion, perhaps could be because objects become less able to measure relative speed, as they themselves approach the speed of light

Note that when the speed of light is discussed as being measured as a constant, it is with reference to measuring the speed of light as a round-trip, the measurement of the speed of light over a one-way trip has yet to be measured

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2020) of Derek Muller of the (Veritasium channel) discussing why the one-way speed of light has yet to be measured

And also for reference, here is a YouTube video (2024) of Jeroen of the (Huygens Optics channel) discussing methods by which the one-way speed of light could perhaps be measured

And also for reference, here is a YouTube video (2012) of Professor Leonard Susskind's Stanford University lecture discussing special relativity (lecture 1 of 10)

It is a long lecture at 2 hours, but it is interesting as it discusses the derivation of special relativity

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The subatomic particles

Concept of electric charge

Creation of the electric field particles

Positive and negative electric fields

'Neutral' particle electric fields

In the Simple Universe model, the elementary strand particle is used to construct the subatomic particles

These are the neutrino, particle of light, electron, positron, left-handed 'neutral' particle, right-handed 'neutral' particle, proton and neutron

The neutrino and particle of light are constructed by joining the strand particles into a helix

Whereas the electron, positron and 'neutral' particle are constructed by joining the strand particles into a torus

In the model, the proton is a positron sandwiched between a left-handed 'neutral' particle and a right-handed 'neutral' particle

And the neutron is a proton with an electron embedded into the side of the proton

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

All the subatomic particles in the model have a helicity to their construction, which can be either clockwise or anticlockwise

This gives all the particles the concept of electric charge - either 'positive' or 'negative'

In the model, motion comes from the elementary strand particle continuously moving at a constant speed against the model's static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

Electric field particles are created by the constant speed of the head of the elementary strand shaped particle being greater than the constant speed of its tail

This causes each strand shaped particle to continuously extend itself, with the head of the strand shaped particle eventually breaking free, leaving the strand shaped particle with a new head that repeats the process

This leads to a stream of helix shaped particles that exit from the front of a helix shaped subatomic particle, or from gaps on the surface of a torus shaped subatomic particle

These particles are the electric field particles in the model

Please note, the animations do not show the electric field particles exiting from the subatomic particles

Each electric field particle has a helix shape that has the same handiness as its parent subatomic particle itself

As a suggestion, the left-handed subatomic particles have positive electric charge, and produce left-handed positive electric field particles

And the right-handed subatomic particles have negative electric charge, and produce right-handed negative electric field particles

Since the 'neutral' particle is a left-handed torus moving inside a right-handed torus, or vice versa, the 'neutral' particle has both positive and negative electric charge

In effect, all the particles are pieces of electric charge, including the 'neutral' particle, which is two equal pieces of positive and negative electric charge

All the particles produce electric field particles, including the 'neutral' particle, as it consists of equal amounts of positive and negative electric charge

In the model, the double torus structure of the 'neutral' particle leads to a peculiar con-sequence

The electric field particles from the outer torus of the 'neutral' particle are unable to escape as helix shaped particles

This leads to the 'neutral' particle behaving as a neutral particle in an electric field, but itself producing either only a positive electric field, or only a negative electric field, depending on whether the inner torus of the 'neutral' particle is a left-handed torus, or a right-handed torus

This leads to a 'neutral' particle being classed as either a left-handed 'neutral' particle, or a right-handed 'neutral' particle

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The escaping electric field particles

The electron and positron's mass

The 'neutral' particle's mass

The size of atoms

All the particles in the Simple Universe model have electric fields, including the 'neutral' particle, as it consists of equal amounts of positive and negative electric charge

It is the escaping electric field particles from the torus shaped particles of matter - i.e. the electron, positron and 'neutral' particle - that causes the particles of matter to form to a fixed size

Being a closed torus (unlike the open-ended helix of the neutrino and particle of light), as a suggestion, the internally generated electric field particles escape from the closed torus shaped particle of matter, by forcing open a gap on the surface of the torus

As a suggestion, the torus shaped particles of matter are initially formed from long helixes, and when the electric field particles escape from the torus, the escaping electric field particles, as a suggestion, drag some of the strand particles from the torus

This continues until the torus reaches a minimum number of strand particles, where the now lesser density of the electric field particles, as a suggestion, are no longer able to drag further strand particles from the torus

When this point is reached, the electric field particles escape from the torus shaped particle of matter in repeating pulses, but without further reducing the number of the strand particles in the torus

The escaping electric field particles, result in the electron and positron torus shaped particles forming to a set number of strand particles, and therefore to a set mass and to a set amount of electric charge

In the case of the 'neutral' particle, as a suggestion, the overlapping pair of toruses cause the set size of the 'neutral' particle to be greater than the set size of the electron or the positron

This gives the 'neutral' particle a greater mass than that of the electron or the positron, and a greater amount electric charge than that of the electron or the positron

When the double torus 'neutral' particle of matter is formed from helixes of different lengths, then as a suggestion, the longer helix, once it is bent around into the closed torus shape, is stripped of its strand particles first

Until its length matches the shorter helix, at which point, the strand particles are then stripped equally from both helixes, both helixes now being in the closed torus shape

This results in the 'neutral' particle of matter forming with its left and right handed toruses always being equal

In the 'neutral' particle of matter, the amount of its positive electric charge is always the same as the amount of its negative electric charge

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

It is hard to visualise how small atoms and the subatomic particles are

For example, the number of atoms in one of your hands is roughly equal to 10²⁴ atoms

That is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms (calculated using Avogadro's constant)

As a way to visualise that number of atoms

That number of atoms as soft drink cans would cover the world - in cans stacked 200 miles high everywhere

Teotihuacán in Mexico

Image by Wikipedia user JOMA-MAC

Grassland in Pampas Brazil

Image by Wikipedia user Scheridon

Negev Desert in Israel

Image by Wikipedia user Andrew Shiva

The world

Image by Wikipedia user Emilfaro

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The concept of electric charge

Electric field particles escape in pulses

One interaction for everything

Matter particles and electric field interactions

Attraction and repulsion examples

Magnetic fields

The subatomic particles, the neutrino, particle of light, electron, positron, left-handed 'neutral' particle, right-handed 'neutral' particle, proton, neutron, all contain a helicity to their construction that can be clockwise or anticlockwise

This produces the concept of a particle's electric charge, either positive or negative (with the 'neutral' particle having equal amounts of positive and negative electric charge)

The subatomic particles produce their electric field particles, positive or negative, according to the helicity of the strand particles that are contained in the subatomic particle

The electric field particles that are created inside a particle of matter (which is a closed torus, unlike the open-ended helix of the neutrino and particle of light) build up, and as a suggestion, eventually escape from the particle of matter by forcing open a gap on the surface of the torus

On escaping, the gap on the surface of the torus closes, and the process starts again

This results in the electric field particles escaping from a particle of matter in repeating pulses

In the model, the proton is a positron sandwiched between a left-handed 'neutral' particle and a right-handed 'neutral' particle

And the neutron is a proton with an electron embedded into the side of the proton

The following animation shows the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

The model's elementary strand shaped particle has one interaction

When a strand shaped particle encounters another strand shaped particle, the two particles stick together, and while in contact, they influence each other's direction of travel

A particle of matter has a torus shape, and the interaction of the electric field particles with the strand particles that make up the particle of matter, cause the torus shape of the particle of matter to distort

This makes the strand particles in the particle of matter bunch up on one side or other, and the particle of matter moves

The strongest interaction occurs when an electric field particle touches the particle of matter side-by-side, with the electric field particle moving in the plane of the particle of matter's torus shape

And the weakest or no interaction at all occurs when an electric field particle touches the particle of matter at right angles, with the electric field particle moving at right angles to the plane of particle of matter's torus shape

In the side-by-side interaction of the electric field particles touching the particle of matter, the touching surfaces are either in some way, both moving in the same direction (both 'up', or both 'down')

Or the touching surfaces are either in some way, both moving in opposite directions (one 'up' and the other 'down')

This causes the strand particles on that side of the particle of matter to either stretch out, or compress up

And that causes an imbalance in the overall circular movement of the internal strand particles in the particle of matter

And the particle of matter moves

Electron example

When a negative electron interacts with a negative electric field particle, the internal movement of the electron bunches up on the side of the electron that is moving away from the source of the negative field

And the negative electron as a whole moves away from the source of the negative field

When a negative electron interacts with a positive electric field particle, the internal movement of the electron bunches up on the side of the electron that is moving towards the source of the positive field

And the negative electron as a whole moves towards the source of the positive field

Positron example

When a positive positron interacts with a negative electric field particle, the internal movement of the positron bunches up on the side of the positron that is moving towards the source of the negative field

And the positive positron as a whole moves towards the source of the negative field

When a positive positron interacts with a positive electric field particle, the internal movement of the positron bunches up on the side of the positron that is moving away from the source of the positive field

And the positive positron as a whole moves away from the source of the positive field

'Neutral' particle example

The only movement of a 'neutral' particle in an electric field, is that due to the small overall residual attraction of the model's gravity, which moves the 'neutral' particle towards the source of the electric field

The following animation shows the model's electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light interacting with the short and long electric field particles, the  Interaction  button steps through the interactions, the   01   input box lists the interactions for direct selection, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2010) of Professor Leonard Susskind's Stanford University lecture discussing electric fields

Here are some old videos that show the basic concepts of the model's electric fields

Although this video discusses gravity, it also shows the basic concept of an electron in an electric field

Here is an old video that discusses the electron's electric field

As a suggestion, in the model, a magnetic field is an overall neutral electric field that, from each point source of the electric field, the majority of the positive electric field particles move in one direction, and the majority of the negative electric field particles move in another direction, the two directions being at an angle to each other

Here is an old video that discusses the electron and magnetic fields

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Light in an electric field

Neutrino in an electric field

Synchronised pulsating 'neutral' particle electric fields

Light and the double-slit experiment

Light and refraction

Light and reflection

Light and transparency

Only near surfaces

Light interacting with light

As a suggestion, the positive and negative electric field particles emitted by the 'neutral' particle, are long in length

Whereas the positive and negative electric field particles emitted by an electron, or the positron that is inside a proton, are short in length

A neutrino and a particle of light also produce electric field particles, but for the simplicity of this discussion, are not included here

When a long electric field particle wraps around the two helixes of a particle of light, one side of the particle of light is stretched, and the other side of the light is compressed

Causing the particle of light to arc along its body and change direction

The short electric field particles from an electron, or a positron that is inside a proton, are not able to change the path of light

But the long electric field particles from a 'neutral' particle can change the path of light, by wrapping themselves around a particle of light, causing the particle of light to arc along its body and change direction

Neutrinos are not affected by electric fields at all

When a long electric field particle wraps around a neutrino, either all sides of the single helix neutrino are compressed, or all sides of the single helix neutrino are stretched

This leaves the direction of the neutrino unaltered by the electric field particle

The following animation shows the model's electron, positron, 'neutral' particle, neutrino and particle of light interacting with the short and long electric field particles, the  Interaction  button steps through the interactions, the   01   input box lists the interactions for direct selection, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

Electric field particles escape from a particle of matter, by forcing open a gap on the surface of the particle of matter, and escaping in repeating pulses

If the pulsating positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields from individual atoms were to be capable of becoming synchronised across the atoms in a substance

Then the path of a particle light could perhaps be influenced when the particle of light passes near the surface of that substance

In which case, the double-slit experiment, the refraction of light, and the reflection of light, could perhaps be examples of this effect

In the double-slit experiment, the light, or subatomic particle that is being pushed along by a particle of light

Could perhaps be directed around the edge of a slit, by the pulsating positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields at the edge of that slit

With refraction of light into a transparent medium, the pulsating positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields on the surface of the transparent medium

Could perhaps direct the light around the edge of an atom or group of atoms on the surface, towards a tangential path that is down into the transparent medium

With refraction of light out of a transparent medium, the pulsating positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields on the surface of the transparent medium

Could perhaps direct the light around the edge of an atom or group of atoms on the surface, towards a tangential path that is parallel with the surface of the transparent medium

For reflection of light from the surface of a substance, the pulsating positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields on the surface of the substance

Could perhaps direct the light away from an atom or group of atoms on the surface, towards a tangential path that is parallel with the surface of the substance

On meeting the next atom or group of atoms on the surface of the substance

The light could perhaps be directed away from the outer edge of those atoms, and the light could perhaps then leave the surface of the substance at an angle

For total internal reflection within a transparent medium

The light could perhaps be directed away from the inner edge of an atom or group of atoms on the surface of the transparent medium, and the light could perhaps then pass back into the transparent medium

In the model, the suggestion is that atoms in general direct light onto a tangential path around their nuclei, which perhaps could be the cause of reflection, refraction, and the bending of light around small objects

In addition, the direction of light onto a tangential path around a nucleus, could perhaps also be how light as a particle is able to pass through certain substances, without the light colliding with the atoms in that substance, for example the atoms in air or glass

At larger distances from a surface, the individual pulsating positive and negative 'neutral' particle electric fields from the different parts of a surface, overlap

And as a suggestion, their ability to affect light at a distance could perhaps be reduced

In the model, light is a long thin particle, and this could perhaps result in little, if any deflection of light at all, when beams of light particles are crossed

To get light to interact with light, individual particles of light could perhaps need to touch side-by-side

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